Cleisthenes Essay :: essays research papers fc

What reforms did Cleisthenes introduce and what were his likely motives for them.Cleisthenes, the son of Megakles, began work on the constitution of Attica (Athens). Unlike Solon, he left no writings to describe himself, so he re master(prenominal)s a vague figure. Unlike Solon, Cleisthenes did not receive any clear directions on reform. His achievements were make through the assembly, the government body made up of all the citizens with the responsibility of passing laws. As the head of a rich and aristocratic clan, his main motives may have been to acquire political tycoon for himself and his nobleman followers as well as a military purpose and state. Cleisthenes methods allied him hard with the ordinary citizen and took Attica a long step bring forward on the road to democracy. Democracy was supposed to have begun in Attica after the last major religious order fight of the 6th century B.C. This fight was amid Isagoras and Cleisthenes. To ensure his position, Cleisthenes re formed the tribal system and introduced the council of five hundred. Again, he did not aim to introduce democracy rather his aim was most likely to scale his regional rival, Isagoras. His reforms that were placed in were that the country was divided into 10 clean tribes, also know as plylae, on a regional basis, with sections of the 3 classes in each. Each tribe with 3 trittyes (one from the city (asty), one from the coast (paralia), and one from inland (mesogaia)) was composed of new units called demes. In the countryside these were villages, while in Attica itself they were divisions of the city. (Source Bradley, 1998)Old clans and noble families now possessed far less political significance because they were now able to control all one-third of each tribe. Citizenship was now based on locality, with citizenship being granted to metics and other aliens resident in and around Attica. The tribes were roughly equal in number. They usually contributed soldiers for the army. Usuall y each tribe contributed a control of hoplites and a squadron of military. This action served to reinforce tribal loyalty. Commanding the army was the 10 strategoi, or referred to as generals. These 10 generals were, at first, under the control of the Polemarch but after were to become the chief magistrates.The boule was also enlarged to five hundred, 50 from each tribe, divided into 10 committees of 50, called prytanies. Each committee was in charge of court and government for a month, so that more people were now directly involved in government.Cleisthenes undertake essays research papers fc What reforms did Cleisthenes introduce and what were his likely motives for them.Cleisthenes, the son of Megakles, began work on the constitution of Attica (Athens). Unlike Solon, he left no writings to describe himself, so he remains a vague figure. Unlike Solon, Cleisthenes did not receive any clear directions on reform. His achievements were made through the assembly, the government body made up of all the citizens with the responsibility of passing laws. As the head of a rich and aristocratic clan, his main motives may have been to acquire political power for himself and his noble followers as well as a military purpose and democracy. Cleisthenes methods allied him firmly with the ordinary citizen and took Attica a long step further on the road to democracy. Democracy was supposed to have begun in Attica after the last major faction fight of the 6th century B.C. This fight was between Isagoras and Cleisthenes. To ensure his position, Cleisthenes reformed the tribal system and introduced the council of five hundred. Again, he did not aim to introduce democracy rather his aim was most likely to overcome his regional rival, Isagoras. His reforms that were placed in were that the country was divided into 10 new tribes, also know as plylae, on a regional basis, with sections of the 3 classes in each. Each tribe with 3 trittyes (one from the city (asty), one from th e coast (paralia), and one from inland (mesogaia)) was composed of new units called demes. In the countryside these were villages, while in Attica itself they were divisions of the city. (Source Bradley, 1998)Old clans and noble families now possessed far less political significance because they were now able to control only one-third of each tribe. Citizenship was now based on locality, with citizenship being granted to metics and other aliens resident in and around Attica. The tribes were roughly equal in number. They usually contributed soldiers for the army. Usually each tribe contributed a regiment of hoplites and a squadron of military. This action served to reinforce tribal loyalty. Commanding the army was the 10 strategoi, or referred to as generals. These 10 generals were, at first, under the control of the Polemarch but later were to become the chief magistrates.The boule was also enlarged to five hundred, 50 from each tribe, divided into 10 committees of 50, called prytan ies. Each committee was in charge of administration and government for a month, so that more people were now directly involved in government.

Central American Squirrel Monkey :: essays research papers

Scientific Name Samiri oerstedii     The Central American Squirrel Monkey is found primarily in primary and secondary forests and cultivated areas in. They are omnivores, which eat insects and when available they also eat fruit, flowers, and occasionally vertebrates. The major population in located in sailor boy and Costa Rican border. They hardly ever travel on the ground and are most active during the morning and late afternoon.     Cultivated and disturbed areas are oddly hospitable to the Squirrel Monkeys because of the large number of insects those areas attract. These monkeys live in groups made up of about 40 to 70 individuals. Large group sizing provides many eye to search for food. Squirrel monkeys also associate with other monkey species that have similar food preferences, following them to forage areas. The group size also provides safety in numbers more eyes/ears lower chances of a sneak attack by predators large numbers make it more knotty for larger monkeys small to chase squirrel monkeys out of a their trees.Neither one sex nor the other appears to be dominating, though the females are ones to disperse from the troops. The sex ratio within vehement groups tends to be approximately 50-50 males and females.     Though they become independent after the first year of their life, female squirrel monkeys tend to reach maturity and begin breeding at around the age of 2.5-3 years of age, and males become fully adult at about the age of five. For the most part the majority of social interactions between the sexes way out place during the breeding season. During the non-breeding males tend to stay live on the perimeter of the troops territory, while females stay safer in the center. Large group size provides safety in numbers more eyes/ears lower chances of a sneak attack by predators large numbers make it more difficult for larger monkeys (that live in smaller groups) to chase squirrel mon keys out of a favored tree.Females receive no help from adult males in caring for their young. Instead, a female will have other female "friends" to help carry and watch over the young as the mother forages. These "friends" are usually egress from previous years, which do not have young of their own. Since the monkey uses all four of its legs when walking and climbing, the new born babies ride on the mothers back by gripping her fur, when the mother stop, she will hold her baby with both arms.

The early petroleum industry in the US :: essays research papers

The Early Petroleum Industry in the unify States past Egyptians used bitumen for embalming, the Assyrians used it in building, the Chinese for heating and lighting, and for centuries fishermen have used it to make their boats watertight.Naturally, man being what he is, was not content to let soundly alone, and soon petra- oleum (rock oil) and its associated products were being used in many delightful ways to cripple and annihilate his fellow men.The famous "Green Fire" was used in various forms for many centuries once it became known that when a miscellany of petroleum and ground quicklime is exposed to moisture spontaneous combustion takes place. The flaming mixture thus produced was thrown by a pump mounted on the prow of a warship and the consequent havoc wrought on the enemys ships coffin nail easily be imagined.Then oddly enough, the ancients knowledge of the properties of petroleum seemed to fall into abeyance and during the Middle Ages, and up to the beginning of the 19th century, petroleum was only remembered for its medicative uses. It was to capitalize on this use that an American, Samuel Kier, decided to bottle the oil that seeped into his fathers brine tumesces. He put it up in half pint bottles and advertised it as containing wonderful medical virtues.Another American George H. Bissell, saw his advertisement but was interested in oil for other reasons so, together with a friend, he undertake 105 acres of farmland, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, paying $5,000 dollars for a 99 year lease. So in 1854 the first oil lease was granted.Having obtained the land, which he was fairly reliable covered oil deposits, Bissell commissioned Edwin & Drake to drill a well for him. Drake did so and struck oil on August 27th, 1859. The first oil well had been sunk and a great industry had been born. Within a few months of the completion of the Drakwell, oil wells were being sunk all over the United States and within two years the country was export ing great quantities of oil.Simple distillation of seep and salt well oil was being carried out in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by Samuel Kier who built a one-barrel still. He was buying crude by the gallon. Later Kier made a still of five-barrel capacity. These two stills for treating crude oil constitute the first commercial refinery in America. The five-barrel apparatus of Kier has survived and is in the Drake Well Museum.

Blindness and Invisibility in Invisible Man Essay -- Ralph Ellison, In

As the story of the Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison continues, the reader is able to explicitly see his journey in college. invisibleness as well as blindness is evident in these stories. Through the use of metaphor and vivid details the author once again conveys his subject matter of how invisibility is a major part in his life. Though the stories may seem out of place at first transitioning to the present and past, the style shows how the narrator has learned from his experiences. When the narrator mentions the founder of his school, Mr. Norton, a wealthy and intelligent man, the author praises him as if he were a god. He explains how Mr. Nortons opening the school abnormal the entire Negro race in a positive way. Giving them opportunities to better themselves and show they are just as capable as either other. When the author drives Mr. Norton they pass several log cabins, one of which belongs to Jim Trueblood. Jim Trueblood has a bad reputation for committing what many see as a crime. He raped his little girl and enjoyed it. Jim Trueblood is blind in a sense that he doesnt realize wh...

Ancient Roman Meals :: essays research papers

Ancient Roman MealsThe ancient Romans were similar to todays generations in their eatinghabits but never consume three hearty meals a day. Ientaculum and prandium weremerely cranks that filled their stomachs unitl the large cena, the eventthey look forward to since awakening. They had names for their meals similar toours, breakfast (ientaculum), lunch (prandium), and dinner (cena).Breakfast, ientaculum was ordinarily taken about nine oclock and consistedof merely a few pieces of bread sprinkled in salt or dipped in wine, and with afew raisins and olives, and a little cheese added. The poorest Romans atelittle other than w rut either crushed to make a porridge or ground into flourfor bread.Lunch, or prandium was usually taken at noon. It was usually nothingmore than a piece of bread accompanied by cold meat, vegetables, and fruitwashed down with a glass of wine. Both ientaculum and prandium were so shortthere was no need to set the table or wash ones hands.The only serious meal w as the change surface dinner or cena. Dinner time waspractically the same for all Romans due to the lack of artificial light. Dinnerwas after the bath at the closing curtain of the eigth hour in winter and at the ninth insummer. The food is mostly cold,-breads, salads, olives, cheeses, and meatsremaing from last nights dinner. Occasionally, hot dishes such as ham and pigsheads are feasted upon. nearly wealthy Romans would have as many as seven coursesto feed on.Trimalchio, a wealthy Roman would have a bronzed donkey with appetizerdishes of olives, stuffed dormice rolled in honey and poppy seed, hot sausageswere laid on a silver grill next to pomegranate and damson seeds. The guestswere still busy with the hors doeuvres when a tray would be brought in with abasket on it, in which there was a wooden hen spreading her wings. Under thestraw were Peahen eggs that would can passed out. Each egg contained a fatbecafico rolled up in spiced egg yolkf. There were plates with the twelve si gnsof Zodiac on them that had food matas ching the symbol, ram, bull, crab, figs,lion, etc. Some hosts would heat a wfshole pig and then concord his guests byhaving skilled swordmen carve the pa fig like he was killing it. After eating,many guests would entertain each othed sfr in belching. It was consideredpolite to belch and release wind after a ni sce meal. Guests would simply snaptheir fingers and servants would come running with vases to contain urine.

Ancient Roman Meals :: essays research papers

Ancient Roman MealsThe ancient Romans were similar to todays generations in their eatinghabits only when never ate three hearty meals a day. Ientaculum and prandium weremerely appetizers that filled their stomachs unitl the large cena, the eventthey look forward to since awakening. They had names for their meals similar toours, breakfast (ientaculum), luncheon (prandium), and dinner (cena).Breakfast, ientaculum was usually taken about nine oclock and consistedof merely a few pieces of bread sprinkled in salt or dipped in wine, and with afew raisins and olives, and a little cheese added. The poorest Romans atelittle other than wheat either crushed to make a porridge or ground into dredgefor bread.Lunch, or prandium was usually taken at noon. It was usually nothingmore than a piece of bread accompanied by cold meat, vegetables, and fruit wash down with a glass of wine. Both ientaculum and prandium were so shortthere was no need to set the table or wash ones hands.The only sound mea l was the evening dinner or cena. Dinner time waspractically the same for all Romans due to the lack of artificial light. Dinnerwas after the bathing tub at the end of the eigth hour in winter and at the ninth insummer. The food is mostly cold,-breads, salads, olives, cheeses, and meatsremaing from last nights dinner. Occasionally, hot dishes such as overplay and pigsheads are feasted upon. Some wealthy Romans would have as many as seven coursesto feed on.Trimalchio, a wealthy Roman would have a bronzed donkey with appetizerdishes of olives, stuffed dormice rolled in honey and poppy seed, hot sausageswere laid on a silver grill next to pomegranate and damson seeds. The guestswere unruffled busy with the hors doeuvres when a tray would be brought in with abasket on it, in which there was a wooden hen spreading her wings. Under the drinking straw were Peahen eggs that would base passed out. Each egg contained a fatbecafico rolled up in spiced egg yolkf. There were plates with the twelve signsof Zodiac on them that had food matas ching the symbol, ram, bull, crab, figs,lion, etc. Some hosts would heat a wfshole pig and then entertain his guests byhaving skilled swordmen carve the pa fig like he was killing it. by and by eating,many guests would entertain each othed sfr in belching. It was consideredpolite to belch and release wind after a ni sce meal. Guests would simply snaptheir fingers and servants would come streamlet with vases to contain urine.

Effects of Gadgets

UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN PHINMA EDUCATION NETWORK DAGUPAN CITY EFFECTS OF GADGETS TO STUDENTS STUDYING HABITS SUBMITTED BY 2BSN-1 CASILANG, JAY BRYANT E. DUNGO, EL toilet F. GARCIA, ROLLEX JOHN MACARAEG, JETHRO RJ ORPILLA, JEFFERSON AGUSTIN, SHAIRA IGLESIAS, GEE ANN CASTILLO, MARWILL JORDAN CUSTODIO, JEREMIAS TABLE OF CONTENTS RATIONALE affirmation OF THE PROBLEM BRIEF METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION APPENDICES END NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY RATIONALESeveral studies and reports show that the tremendous use of technological peripherals or we popularly call as gad stays have effects to the different aspects of our human body physically, mentally, emotionally and even spiritually. Agadgetis usually referred to as a small tool such as a machine that has a particular function, but is often thought of as a novelty. The explanation states that it has a particular function which means it suffer perform particular tasks. Nowadays, these widgets atomic number 18 apply for several purposes just li ke PSP which is used for gaming and overly for picture viewing.With the development of Internet and the growth of applications, m whatsoever features atomic number 18 installed on the new gadgets today which also implies that gadgets have increased their functions. These features attracts the people to purchase them which flat leads to the prevalence of gadget in the world principally they argon cheaper presently compared to the old years. Undeniably, these gadgets became a necessity in life thats why they cant be easily pull away from everyone. These devices brought fun and excitement, better communication and virtual gaming which makes it more interactive to everyone.One of these gadgets is the computer. In todays modern whiles, computers are seen almost everywhere we go just like establishments, offices, businesses and schools. With the power of modern technology, these computers created a big difference to the world today compared to the past years. At that time when comput ers are not yet invented, there is no such thing we call as automation. All works are done manually, time and energy consuming. Just like in creating a simple document, we used pen and paper to write an hold or any other paper works.But with the existence of computers, you just need to click the word processing program icon to prepare your medium for writing and you can direct start typing the characters. It is also free from erasure because of the undo feature included on it. These computers are built to make works easier, luxurianter and lighter. Undeniably, students are also benefited to the existence of computers. During those years when computer is not yet present, students are dependent to books and libraries when it comes to making their home works and paper works.But as the years passed by, students in the library got fewer because they spend their time doing their works in computer or in their own personal computer. Now in the present time, the age of modern technology, where almost everything is high-tech, computer technologies has greatly improved and has had become better. These days, the computer technology industry is rapidly growing and changing. Internet are forthwith used on these widgets which become a factor which makes studying fun and easy. With just a single click, all you are searching for will be presented ithout waste your energy looking for references. However, users of gadgets are becoming addicted in using their devices or being overexposed without knowing the effects it may give to them. According to an article of IndiaStudyChannel. com (2010), Several studies and researches have suggested about the various harmful effects gadgets have on human health. Have you ever imagined that why afterward watching television for a long time you tend to feel tired and your eyes strained? Sometimes even listening to music from earphones for a long time can cause pain in the ears. In our society nowadays, many youths which are mostly comp osed of high percentage of students are addicted curiously to social networking sites like Facebook and games like Defense of the Ancients. Whats alarming about these things is that students spend most of their time socializing, gaming and they just reserved a brusque time for studying their lessons. A reason why students are having difficulty when it comes to school works. Their school performances are getting weak reason why they get low grades. Computer addiction is a huge problem for most students.They procrastinate their works because they dont notice their time is running fast while they are in front of it. We know that computer and all other gadgets are made to make life easier and enjoyable and all we are searching are attached in this machine. But despite of this factor, the students still get low grades and have weak performance in school. Thats why there is a need for research about this study to find out the effects of computers to students studying habits and the solu tions for any dilemma that will present to the results of this research. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Topic Effects of Gadgets to Students Studying HabitsThe effects of using gadgets affecting the students studying habits disturbed the attention of the researchers because of the fast growing innovations of gadgets nowadays, especially these peripherals are now dominating the world including the field of education. The researchers are mainly concerned with the effects of the gadgets to students studying habits and also the solutions to any dilemma that will be present after the results of this research are already been shown. And the most important part of the research, to collect information about the common effects of gadgets to students studying habits. BRIEF MEHODOLGY

Common sense in ‘The Crucible’ Essay

The Crucible How does Miller make vivid the triumph of fanaticism over spring and common sense?In The Crucible, Miller creates an melody in Salem where hysteria rules the village while priming and common sense be put aside. The superstitions of a fewer young teenage girls are taken seriously by the largely Christian village to the point of a broken theocracy and where all reason is lost.In Act III, there are many dramatic scenes in the courtroom which show the power of the girls overbearing superstitions. At the beginning of the play, Mary Warren joined in with the other girls in the forest with their hysteria and witchcraft. However, she converts to Proctors side and in court says It were pretence, sir to Danforth. She tries to save Proctor by turning in the girls and admitting that Abigail had been telling lies. This comes to no proceeds and then Abigail, with the other girls, puts on an mold and starts copying Mary Warren as if Mary had bewitched her. Mary gives in and t urns on Proctor give tongue to Youre the Devils Man Mary tried to have reason and common sense by defying the girls exactly the way she gave in to their act of hysteria shows how superstition triumphs over reason and common sense.As mentioned previously, Mary Warren initially testifies against Abigail and the other girls in Act III. To this point, Danforth was fully behind Abigail and believed her but now questions her to tell the truth. Abigail forcefully confronts him and says angrily, I have been hurt, Mr DanforthTo be mistrusted, denied, questioned like a -. Miller describes Danforths retorts as weakening in the stage directions and Abigail presses on to further threaten Danforth in the words Let you beware, Mr Danforth.With most other people in the play, Danforth simply dismisses their stories but he is incapable of a keen-sighted argument against Abigail. Danforth is meant to be a man of reason and common sense he is a judge after all but Abigails usage of him causes him to lose all reason and he lets her continue to wreck havoc. Abigail is the source of all the superstitions in The Crucible so her control over Danforth signifies the triumph of superstition over good reason and common sense.Throughout the play, John Proctor is a respectful man the only one with a sense of reason and not fooled by the witchcraft hysteria. In Act IV, Proctor chooses to die instead of giving away his good name to witchcraft. After choosing to die he says I see some goodness in John Proctor. If he had confessed, he would have lost his common sense and given in to foolish superstitions. In this way, Proctor not only keeps his name but doesnt let superstitions get the better of him one of the few parts of the play where reason and common sense prevail.Salem is a community filled with hardworking people who have good reason and sense about them. A few lies and superstitions cause all their lives to crumble down and good values vanish. The one man not fooled by the witchcraf t nonsense, John Proctor, keeps common sense alive in Salem but is hanged to die leaving the village ruled by superstition.

Photosynthesis – Limiting Factors

pic Photosynthesis Outline Terms and Vocabulary Autotroph Photosynthesis Photon Pigment Chloroplast Reaction Center Electron Donor atom Electron Transport System Ferredoxin NADPH RuBP PGA Cuticle Stomata Rubisco Photorespiration C4 Pathway Concepts 1. What are two Adaptations of plant leaves for capturing abstemious? 2. Describe the properties of Light Energy in terms of null and wavelength. 3. Why are Pigments important for Photosynthesis? 4. What two types of reactions take place during photosynthesis? 5. Summarize the results of Light dependent Reactions. . Summarize the results of Light-Independent Reactions. 7. Where are the pigments for the light-dependent reactions located in the leaf? 8. What is the cultivate of a photosystem? 9. What is the function of water in the light-dependent reactions? 10. Describe the similarities and differences of Photosystems I & II 11. What are the limiting grammatical constituents to photosynthesis? 12. Describe adaptations that allow the le af to retain water. 13. Explain how photorespiration reduces turnout of glucose. Look at the interprets below. A pic B pic C pic D pic 1. Which graph best shows the effect of increase light intensity on the localise of photosynthesis? 2. 3. Which graph best shows the effect of increasing vitamin C dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis? 4. Which graph best shows the effect of increasing temperature if light and carbon dioxide are non limiting (i. e. he levels of light and carbon dioxide are high). If you plot the rate of photosynthesis against the levels of these three limiting factors you get graphs like the ones below. pic Limiting Factor In biology, pastoral science, physiology, and ecology, a limiting factor is one that controls a process, such as organism growth or species population size or distribution. The concept is found upon Liebigs Law of the Minimum put forth by German geochemist, Justus von Liebig, in 1840. It can be easy to conceive how a limit ing resource (say, food) controls a process (say, growth) by running low or running out.However, some biological and ecological processes are controlled by too much of a factor (such as heat) rather than too little. Or, processes may be controlled by complex interactions of factors (Shelford, 1952). At any given moment, the rate of a physiological process is control by the one factor which is in the shortest supply. (Toole pg 273) The factor which is nearest its minimum value determines the rate of the reaction. ever-changing the levels of this factor will change the rate of the reaction. Changing the levels of the other factors will have no effect on the rate of the reaction. Example pic pic 1. Up to A1, A2 and A3 the concentrations of CO2 is the limiting factor for the respective light intensities. 2. lowly Light Intensity beyond A1 light intensity is the limiting factor because increasing the light intensity (medium value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. 3. Medium Light Intensity beyond A2 light intensity is the limiting factor because increasing the light intensity (high value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. . High Light Intensity beyond A3 the limiting factor could be light intensity, chlorophyll content, temperature or the enzyme system. It cannot be CO2 concentration because increase in CO2 concentration does not lead to an increase in photosynthesis. pic 1. Up to A1, A2 and A3 the light intensity is the limiting factor for the respective CO2 concentrations. 2. Low CO2 concentration beyond A1 CO2 concentration is the limiting factor because increasing the CO2 concentration (medium value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. . Medium CO2 concentration beyond A2 CO2 concentration is the limiting factor because increasing the CO2 concentration (high value) increases the rate of photosynthesis. 4. High CO2 concentration beyond A3 the limiting factor could be CO2 concentration, chlorophyll content, temperature or the enzyme system. It canno t be light intensity because increase in light intensity does not increase photosynthesis. pic In commercial greenhouses horticulturists try to maximise productivity by maximising the rate of photosynthesis.How do they achieve this? go off glass maximizes light intensity Extra lighting in winter Glass traps heat energy from solar radiation Heaters raise night era temperature Gas and oil heaters put extra carbon dioxide into the air. pic Photosynthesis and productivity carbon gain by the plant (biomass) is dependent on the balance between carbon uptake by photosynthesis and carbon loss by respiration factors influencing productivity include light, CO2, temperature, environmental factors light at low fluence levels, there is a salary loss of CO2 light compensation channelize is where CO2 uptake and exchange equal zero (equivalent to an office or room) as fluence rate increases higher up compensation point, so does photosynthesis (C3 plants) until light fertilizatio n is reached (1/4 to ? full sun) light saturation occurs because CO2 is limiting C4 plants dont achieve light saturation as rapidly as C3 plants CO2 CO2 content in atmosphere is about 0. 035% by volume (well below CO2 saturation point in plants) at higher fluence rates when CO2 is not imiting, photosynthesis increases some commercial growers practice CO2-enrichment to increase yield and biomass temperature temperature response is influenced by temperature dependence of enzymes and chemical substance reactions cardinal points are used to describe temperature minimum maximum, and optimum of a reaction many reaction rates tend to decline sharply succeeding(a) optimum due to enzyme denaturation for photosynthesis, temperature response curves represent the average of many different enzymes, but are dominated by rubisco (C3 plants) and PEPcase (C4 plants) water water stress causes a decline in photosynthesis water stress triggers stomatal closure and subsequent decrease in CO2 levels turgor pressure reduces leaf expansion decreasing photosynthetic surface area even mild water stress causes decrease in net photosynthesis nutrients, pathology, and pollutants photosynthetic capacity is especially sensitive to nitrogen rubisco accounts for 50% of total leaf nitrogen pathogen stress reduces photosynthetic capacity environmental pollutants (sulpher dioxide, ozone, heavy metals) also reduce capacity eaf factors Question Which has a higher photosynthetic rate a pine tree needle or a maple tree leaf? Why might needles be favored over leaves on pine trees? productivity of plants is impacted by leaf canopy canopy is determined by age, morphology, angle and spacing of individual leaves in older plants, dismantle leaves may be shaded and fall below light compensation point (negative carbon gain) and are a burden to the plant many annuals undergo serial senescence to avoid the burden some leaves change with the angle of the sun pic pic pic A plant in th e dark does not photosynthesize. pic Increasing the amount of light increases the amount of photosynthesis. pic Even if a plant in the dark is well watered and given increasing amounts of carbon dioxide it will not photosynthesize. Only a change in light intensity will alter the rate. Light is the limiting factor.

Banking and Its Influential Factors in the Economy

Banking is wholeness of the most influential factors on the economies of todays society. As with everything these days, technology is changing where, when and most of all, how we do things, specifically banking and other related financial transactions and arrangements such as mortgages, etc.Recently, in Toronto, the very metropolis we live in, we were in the midst of two possible bank mergers, which would have changed banking and on a larger scale the entire economy, in many ways.In comparison to the larger banks of the world, Canadas most major banks be not even close to the size and caliber of international banks like ING Direct, for example. This would not typically be a problem for Canadian banks, however when these international banks move into Canada, which has happened already, and is bound to happen even to a greater extent as time passes and Canada becomes a to a greater extent prosperous country, it quickly becomes a very large problem. Banks be an extremely affluent bu siness. Regardless of where you ar in the world banks are right at the top of the list when it comes to capital, equity and earnings. Canada fits right in, in comparison to the rest of Canada. But when we compare Canadas banks to those of other countries, or even better, international banks, they are simply insignifi do-nothingt.For example, hypothetically speaking, if the entire world were opting whether or not to adopt a single currency, most deciding factors would be made by the banks of each individual country. Canada, although it is a major world leader in many other categories, would not be looked upon as a country that knew much well-nigh international stature, in terms of banking. In this essay I ordain try to prove how banking is one of the most influential factors on the economy by using factual cases from recent times.What does better customer relations mean? Increasingly, customers are demanding more convenient ways to do their banking. An Ernst and Young study (Techn ology in Banking Report) concluded, nothing changes in the banking world if customers cannot get financial services when and where they wishthis means anywhere, at any time. Statistics show that ATMs telephone banking, and alkali banking account for over fifty percent of all banking transactions today, and total non-branch activity is growing at fifteen percent a year. In one survey (Web-Tech, Inc., May 17, 1995), eighty-two percent of 18- to 34-year olds polled preferred banks with 24-hour service.Customers are also demanding a more sophisticated mix of products tailored specifically to their financial pauperisms, and non-bank competitors are better fulfilling these needs. Banks today hold only 20% of household financial assets, versus 34% twenty years ago they have 30% of business deposits, versus 42% only seven years ago. Non-bank credit card providers have gained inroads against banks, holding a 25% market share versus 5% in 1986 (WebTech, Inc., May 17, 1995). lucre banking o ffers an attractive solution to this redesigned products and services. Customers have 24-hour graphical-interface access to their accounts and appreciate that their bank is doing something to make banking easier for them.A country, like a business or a person, is constantly doing anything in its power to better itself. A business, like a society, is either growing or declining the competitive world allows no other options. Human nature leave behind allow no state of rest. Economics is the study of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services (Ammer, pg. 186), all of which, if stopped, would cause a business or a country to scrape to a halt. From these statements we realize that change is an integral part of the world of economics.Not necessarily a change in what we create, rather the way we do it. Technology, that is, the learning of new materials, products, machinery, and processes can create new products and concepts as well as improve production an d efficiency for existing products a few key factors that patch up economic growth. As a result, new jobs are created, existing ones are made easier and more efficient, and the in the end there is a greater attain margin (Thurow, pg. 69, 304). To understand this topic I will look at the effects of technology on economic growth compared to those of the other four factors, in that respect are five factors, which affect a countrys economic growth,Each factor has its own effect on economic growth, however together they produce a greater overall effect.Picture a bank without any branches. No tellers. No rows of desks. No racks of brochures, no automated teller machines outside. Picture, in fact, a practical(prenominal) bank, one that for the customer exists only in his or her office or home, as images on a computer screen. US financial institutions are pitiable towards virtual banking. This strategy is more or less making bank products and services available to customers any time an d any place they want them. As virtual banking becomes more popular, it is very likely that more customer service will be seen while the number of traditional teller-staffed branches will decline.Bank customers will move off from traditional banking and will become more dependent on electronic transactions using ATMs or PCs (Britt, Savings&Community Banker, February 1995, p.9). Thanks to this technical change, financial institutions are using software programs, online services, and even the Internet to allow customers to check balances, pay bills, and transfer funds among accounts. Bankers promise that, in the near future, we will also be able to more easily buy certificates of deposit, mutual funds, and other investments, and even apply for loans electronically.For most people, todays best option may be plug into their bank through one of three leading home-budgeting software programs, these programs areBy charging $5 to $20 a month for such services, banks are sure to cash in on the high-tech superhighway. This would make everything much easier for customers. All that is required is a personal computer, software and a modem, all of which the majority of people in todays society have. On-screen instructions, filled with colorful graphics and pictures, explain how to select and work on various tasks. The system mechanically calculates and updates account balances and keeps records of bills. A handful of banks have already set up home pages on the Internet to provide information to their existing and potential customers about upcoming services. They started their transactions.Internet banking differs from the traditional PC banking model in several ways. In most home banking ventures, the bank sends an application software program to the customer which runs on the customers PC. The customer then dials into the bank with their modem, downloads data, and runs the programs that are resident on their computer, perhaps sending back a batch of requests such as tra nsfers in the midst of accounts. It demands more and more space and speed from the customers computer.With Internet banking, on the other hand, there are potential customers who already have all the software they need to do their banking, since all they need is a browser. The actual banking software resides on the banks server in the form of their home page. This software can be updated at any moment with new information, such as new prices or products, without having to send anything to the customer it can also continue to expand and become more sophisticated without becoming cumbersome for the customer to operate. Banking with a browser, on the other hand, involves a continuous, interactive session, initiated by a local telephone call to a local access provider or online service. By developing internal expertise today, banks can prepare themselves to react quickly and efficiently to competitive moves and consumer trends as the financial services industry changes.Employees at Bank of America, Chemical, Wells Fargo, and other large U.S. banks use them to buy lunch and snacks. Smart separate-plastic cards with computer chips-are kickoff to be used for prepayment, debit, and credit purchases all over the world. In the U.S., smart cards can be only used at a contained host of machines, or for one purpose. They are part of the broader shift to electronic actors line, to making ATMs more functional, to using PCs and the Internet to do home banking. says Edgar Brown, senior vice-president of departnative delivery products at First Union, Charlotte, N.C.One of the advantages of using chips on cards with or instead of magnetic stripes is better security. Microprocessor chips are very difficult to alter or forge. Chips can carry more information than magnetic stripes can. A microprocessor chip can store up to eight kilobytes of data. Smart cards make cheaper and faster payments possible. Money can be deducted from a chip without on-line authorization. This makes for a two-second transaction versus an up-to-two-minutes one, and telecommunications costs are saved (Lunt, P., ABA Banking Journal, September 1995, p.46).We can plainly see that there are many factors having great importance, when dealing with the economy. There are many things we must take into consideration in rig to make any kind of an informed economic decision.

Kaiser Permanente Risk Management Executive Summary Essay

Organization DescriptionKaiser Permanente (KP) is the nations largest integrated health make do delivery system. KP serves baseb every last(predicate) club farmings and over nine million members, with an annual operating revenue in 2013 of 53.1 billion. KP is a leader in calibre emolument efforts in the health c ar industry through participation in studies performed by the National Committee on Quality Assurance (NCQA), The Joint Commission (TJC) accreditations, and the implementation of a secernate of the art electronic health figures system, which counsellinges on integration and type of assistance standardization. The focus of this succinct is on KP hospitals in the northern California region and leave alone include topics such as the purpose of pretend and prime(prenominal) management, hazard identification and management, current take a chances, quality outcomes, organizational goals, and the relationship amidst riskiness and quality management. Risk and Quali ty Management PurposeGeneralThe purpose of risk management in health vex is simply the do by of protecting the assets and minimizing pecuniary terminationes to the organization (Singh & Habeeb Ghatala, 2012). A comprehensive risk management scheme deep down a health care organization will include focus on continuous quality improvement (CQI). The purpose of CQI in health care, according to Sollecito and Johnson (2013), is to offer a structured organizational process for involving personnel in planning and executing a continuous flow of improvements to provide quality health care that meets or exceeds expectations (p. 4). Through linking the processes of risk management and quality improvement the success of both processes is more likely to be realized. Kaiser PermanenteThe key concepts for risk and quality management at KP are commitment to quality, longanimous safety, privacy protection, and pseud cake. KP risk management and quality management programs are central to thei r mission, values, and culture. Methods currently utilized to support these conceptswithin KP are consumer surveys, the use of an integrated EHR with evidence lay down guidelines and clinical decision- make functionality, stringent patient privacy regulations and processes, continuous clinical and administrative staff training programs, and participation in studies focused on standardizing national quality measures (Kaiser Permanente, 2012). Risk Identification and ManagementStepsWhile KP is a leader in health care risk and quality management there are specific steps this consultant is recommending on a continual basis that will improve risk identification and management within the organization. 1. Identify and decompose hurt and exposureWhile there are many methods utilized within the health care industry in the identification and analysis of discharge and exposure, the recommended methods for KP are as follows a) Incident-reporting analysisb) Improvement on the current perfor mance management process for employees to bring focus on risk mitigation and quality improvement. c) Quantitative analysis of patient complaints and satisfaction surveys. d) Review of the organizations past professional liability and workers compensation reports. e) Review of surveys completed by TJC and NCQA on other hospitals in beau monde to identify risk areas that KP should focus on. (McCaffrey & Hagg-Rickert, 2009)2. Research and propose choice risk techniquesTo mitigate risks that are unavoidable at KP, a combination of alternative risk techniques will help reduce situations that might negatively affect the organization. A financial analysis and risk analysis should be performed in order of battle to ascertain the likelihood of utilizing the exposure avoidance technique. This is not a likely option as the financial impact of eliminating services may out urge the risks obscure with continuing them. A loss reduction approach is more likely to be the technique chosen for thi s organization. The core prevention activities that moldiness be present in the loss reduction technique are as follows a.) Ongoing staff preparationb.) authentic policy and procedure examine and alterationc.) Updates to the organizations current EHR system to ensure the data present in the clinical decision-making and evidence-based clinical guidelines technology is the most current data available. According to Chen, et al (2009), a growing body of literature confirms the value of electronic health records (EHRs) in improving patient safety, improving coordination of care, enhancing documentation, and facilitating clinical decision making and alliance to evidence-based clinical guidelines (p. 323). 3. Risk management technique selectionThis two-part process of risk management technique selection is accomplished through forecasting and application of an ongoing mensuration process, which will allow KP to analyze the risk management technique with regard to outcome and cost eff ectiveness. intromitd in the measurement process both risk treatment and risk-financing techniques should be measured (McCaffrey & Hagg-Rickert 2009). 4. mechanism the selected techniquesImplementation of the chosen risk management techniques may include decisions on insurance coverage and policy changes, boilersuit department workflow changes to ensure conformity with state and federally mandated regulations and guidelines, and elimination of processes that impede or hinder patient safety. 5. Monitor and improve upon the implemented risk management program In order to continue improving upon the newly implemented risk management program a comprehensive monitoring strategy should be employed. In fact, McCaffrey and Hagg-Rickert, (2009) stated, a multidisciplinary approach to evaluating the risk management program ensures that the impact of additional opportunities to improve the risk management function are fully explored (p. 21). a.) Prepare an annual risk management reportb.) Compare the new annual report against anterior years risk management data (McCaffrey & Hagg-Rickert 2009)Current RisksThree risks that KP should take special care to avoid are rejection of newly implemented risk management and CQI procedures by employees, statute andregulatory changes, and health care associated infections (HAIs). 1. RejectionChange implementation is never an easy task and without special care taken the rate of rejection to change by clinical and administrative employees is high. In order to achieve successful CQI changes the following guidelines and recommendations are presented. a.) Minimize employee rejection through easily implemented and followed CQI procedures. b.) Engage employees in planning to increase acceptance.c.) Ensure lateral linkages within the organization across specialty departments to improve communication (Sollecito and Johnson, 2013). 2. Statute and regulatory changesWith the ever-changing landscape in state and federal statutes and regulation s surrounding the health care industry, special attention to this risk area must be taken. In fact, Cohen (2009) stated that health care is one of the most heavily regulated of all sectors of commerce (p. 328). Failure to comply with state and federal statutes and regulations can bring about negative financial affects at KP, including but not limited to fines, loss of accreditation and credentialing, and an increase in malpractice lawsuits, not to mention a decrease in quality of care. a.) Risk management and quality improvement officers stay current and involved in statute and regulation changes. b.) Mandate educational goals for risk management and quality management officers with regard to state and federal regulations. c.) Implement a periodical employee newsletter within which the risk management officer and quality improvement officer outline regulation changes. Include processes that employees should expect to see implemented to fight back compliance. Include a signature pa ge with those editions that include changes to policy and ensure all employees sign and return to the human resources department. d.) Ongoing training for clinical and administrative employees with regards to statute and regulation. The risk management and quality improvement officers will be responsible to work with the organizations education department to implement new workshops as needed. e.) Include these responsibilities in the performance monitoring strategy for the risk management and quality improvement officers. 3. HAIsHealth care associated infections are a serious risk in hospitals, as noted by Sydnor and Perl (2011), in their statement HAIs are the most common complication seen in hospitalized patients (para. 20). Improper prevention can lead to change magnitude costs, lengthier hospital stays, and even patient death. Additionally, a Condition of Participation (CoP) (42 CFR 482.42) by CMS mandates hospital infection falsify programs to adhere to specific requirements. Recommendations are as follows. a.) Implement a house-keeping checklist to ensure proper sanitization of patient rooms. b.) Implement a sanitization checklist for clinical staff that will enforce hand washing beforehand and after patient contact. c.) Develop a committee to review and revise the KP infection prevention and control program. Revisions should focus on compliance with TJC and the Center for disease Control (CDC) regulations. Quality OutcomesInternal and externalThree internal and external factors that influence quality outcomes are organization management of interpersonal relationships between physicians and patients, patient compliance, and continuity of care. Without proper management of interpersonal relationships between physicians and patients, the organization will face degradation in trust and openness. Patients should be involved in all treatment decisions, through proper education on their diagnosis and treatment options. This will bring about patient engageme nt in this decision making process. While KP cannot force their patients to comply with treatment guidelines, the external influence of patient compliance is crucial to quality outcomes. Programs focused on thorough training and education of patients and family members will improve the rate of compliance, thus improving the probability of positive quality outcomes for patients. Lack of patient compliance will hinder the treatment process and lower the level of quality outcomes standards at KP. Continuity of care is another internal influence that can affect quality outcomes. Regular follow up with patients will also increase patient compliance. Without improving continuity of care, the KP organization will see a reduction in positive quality outcomes and an increase in undesired outcomes (DeHarnais, 2013, chp 5). GoalsShort-Term1. Design new regulatory and statute training programs for all clinical and administrative employees. 2. Review and revise the KP infection prevention and co ntrol program 3. Revise the performance management system to include CQI measurements and risk management procedures as performance metrics.Long-Term1. Increase adherence to state and federal regulations and statutes throughout the KP organization. 2. Reduce HAIs by 10% throughout KP hospitals in the northern California region. 3. Improve CQI measurement and risk management policy adherence throughout the northern California region by 20% among clinical employees. Risk and Quality ManagementRecommendationsRisk management policies1. Quarterly peer reviewThe Health Care Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) of 1986 encourages hospitals, state licensing boards, and professional societies to identify and discipline physicians, dentists, and other health care providers who, after adequate, nondiscriminatory peer review, were found to have engaged in negligent or unprofessional conduct (Cohen, 2013 p. 333). Through ongoing screening of new and current clinicians, KP will take right for offerin g their patients that highest quality of care and reducing the risk of employing negligent clinical employees. 2. Zero tolerance adherence policy for all employees with regard to infection control procedures Part of the CMS CoP (42 CFR 482.42) regulation is the designation of an infection control officer and development of relevant policies that address the identification and control of infections and communicable diseases. Without full compliance with all CoPs, KP could face the loss of their Medicare provider agreement. 3. Vulnerability analysis chart and emergency plan policy.According to Rawson and Hammond (2009) by evaluating vulnerabilities and taking appropriate preventive action, loss can be minimized in an emergency(p. 506). Health care facilities should include prevention measures in their emergency plans that include the risk of terrorist polish ups. While terrorist attack risk cannot be completely mitigated, it is the responsibility of the health care facility to be pre pared for such an emergency. Obtain additional information on including risk of terrorist attacks from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Quality management policies1. Adherence to evidence-based clinical guidelinesWhile it has been shown that clinicians have customarily enjoyed a great cut through of autonomy in their practices (Argawal, 2010, para 3), it is imperative that clinicians follow evidence-based clinical guidelines. If exceptions should be made the details of, the patient diagnosis and variations should be presented for peer review prior to altering treatment plans. 2. Minimum score of 88% on customer satisfaction surveysClinicians must maintain an average score of no less than 88% on customer satisfaction surveys quarterly. In todays health care market, measurements of quality include consumer satisfaction. In fact, Bernard and Savitz (2009) state that in todays competitive health care environment, consumers want and expect better health care services and hospital systems are concerned about maintaining their overall image (p. 185). Relationship between risk and quality managementIn the past, risk management officers and quality improvement managers worked autonomously from one another, in fact they most often reported to distinguishable superiors. However, today healthcare organizations are realizing that in order to reach quality of care goals and maintain effective risk management programs these disciplines must work in concert closely. An example of how risk management efforts and quality improvement efforts complement one another is seen in the reduction of medical errors. The risk management plan must consider ways to reduce medical errors, while the quality improvement plan will offer solid steps toward minimizing medical errors (Sollecito and Johnson, 2013). ConclusionThis summary focused on topics such as the purpose of risk and quality management, risk identification and management, current risks, qualit y outcomes, organizational goals, and the relationship between risk and quality management. While KP is the nations largest integrated health care delivery systems and leader in CQI standardization, there is always room for improvements. This consultant understands the wideness of improvement at KP, thus humbly presents this summary and recommendations to the board of directors.ReferencesAgarwal, R. (2010, May). A Guideline for Quality Accreditation in Hospitals. Quality Digest, (), 1-4. Retrieved from http//www.qualitydigest.com/inside/twitter-ed/guideline-quality-accreditation-hospitals.html Chen, C., Garrido, T., Chock, D., Okawa, G., & Liang, L. (2009). The Kaiser Permanente electronic health record Transforming and streamlining modalities of care. Health Affairs, 28(2), 323-33. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/204522974?accountid=458 Cohen, M. (2009). Statutes, Standards, and Regulations (chp 10) in McCaffrey, J. J., & Hagg-Rickert, S. (2009) Risk Management Ha ndbook (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. DesHarnais, S. I. (2013). The outcome model of quality (chp 5) in Sollecito, W. A. and Johnson, J. K. (2013). McLaughlin and Kaluznys Continuous Quality Improvement In Health Care (4th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Emily R. M. Sydnor, Trish M. Perl (2011, January). Clin Microbiol, 24(1) 141173. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021207/ Kaiser Permanente. (2014). Kaiser Permanente, Retrieved from http//share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/history-of-kaiser-permanente/ McCaffrey, J. J., & Hagg-Rickert, S. (2009, Chp 1) Developing of a Risk Management Program in Risk Management Handbook (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Rawson, M. L. and Hammond, H. Y,. (2009) emergency Management in McCaffrey, J. J., & Hagg-Rickert, S. (2009, Chp 7) Developing of a Risk Management Program in Risk Management Handbook (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Singh, B., & Habeeb Ghatala, M. (2012, August). Risk Manag ement in Hospitals. International Journal of Innovation, Management andTechnology, 3(4). Sollecito, W. A. and Johnson, J. K. (2013). McLaughlin and Kaluznys Continuous Quality Improvement In Health Care (4th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Literature Review and Learning Journal

Energy is an extremely significant cost factor in managing the United States petrochemical substance industry (Neelis et. al, 2008). According to the current employment scenario, US faces an increasingly militant and ch all in allenging business environment all over the globe, the US petrochemical industry seeks out to curtail their production costs without affecting their production return or yield. The uncertainty in oil prices is one of the around crucial factors that have a negative impact on forecasted earnings of the petrochemical industry.The most relevant manner of price forecasting in petrochemical industry is making the estimations of average cost that has to be produced in a new plant in exercise to examine the economic size and eventually the reasonable profit. Viable and cost- trenchant investment in the petrochemical industry through installing energy efficient practices as s comfortably up as technologies meets the tremendous challenge of preserving the maint enance of a high look energy product. Energy usage is a significant source of emissions incorporated in the petrochemicals industry.This source of emission in the petrochemical industry causes a tremendous improvement in energy efficiency. Also the competitive factors comprising of number of manufacturer as well the employment of new technologies for the development of petrochemicals be the cause of strategicalal options employed in the manufacture of petrochemicals. Discussion Strategic c atomic number 18 evaluates searingly the significant initiatives interpreted by an nerves top management to allocate its preferences expeditiously and effectively in order to attain maximum business feasibility nd profitability. The Chinese petrochemicals companies argon Petro china Company limited and China National Petroleum Corporation. CNPC holds approximately total reserves of 3. 7 billion barrels (590,000,000 m3) of oil equivalent. CNPC produced approximately 54 billion cubic m etres of natural gas in 2007. CNPC invested most of its domestic assets into a separate company known as Petro China, during a plan of restructuring their organization. CNPC has around 30 international production as well as exploration projects.These projects are completed in joint coopeartion with numerous Asian, European, American as well as several countries that are included in USSR. The countries that are included comp summond of Azerbaijan, , Peru, Sudan, Thailand, Canada, Iran, Indonesia, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela, Myanmar, Oman. The exploration projects, both domestic and overseas, are run by a wholly owned subsidiary, the Great Wall Drilling Company (GWDC). So, strategic management consists of making clear the organizations mission, business goals that are necessary to be achieved for the survival of business as well as its objectives.Public sector does non measure in cost but it is equivalent that is very much central to the production as well as delivery of public comm odities and services. The market failure occurs because the goal of private sector in the economy organizations is usually to increase efficiency and effectiveness, thus attaining the business objective of producing the practiseds and services at a lower cost in comparison to the plethoric production costs in the industry (Baume & Tolbert, 1985).As private sector failed because of the market failure, public sector does fails because of the higher inefficiencies in the deliverance of service. The most parking lot example of these inefficiencies is regarded as Public knowledge. The area of public education has immensely failed to match up to the level of Private Institutes that are operating independently in providing quality education as well as incorporate improved learning with the students. There have been dire movements that consist of demanding the transfer of the Public Education charter into the cruel hands of the Private sector NPOs.If the public sector is to collaborate effectively with the private sector, the most grand decision is to tackle the take into account plectrum of organization related to that sector (Bryson, 211, pp. 473). The discussion of the most eligible alternative that is widely known as public choice is very critical. This overly holds true for how values that are holding private sectors infrastructure can be institutionalized into public sector. Institution itself is independent (Olson & Euyong, 1998). It is the serviceman body that is the most integral part of any organizations goal realization.Conclusion Furthur seek and development should be conducted in order to set up plants for producing oil efficiently and effectively. Also, there is a hold to eliminate and reduce oil wastage in order to maximize oil production. 2nd literary productions review Introduction This literature review highlights the issue of building up manpower through effective human resource management skills. Setting up an oil company requires e arnest people management skills as any good organization always requires the capable human resources to fulfill the needs of a winnerful and viable organization.Organizations lend through people and these people need some skills and competencies to perform their duties. Today, skillful workforce is considered as a single source of gaining sustainable competitive good and to manage this force human resource departments are established and huge amount of bud own is allocated for this purpose. Recently training is taken as a critical component for the success of any organization. Therefore, companies are increasing their investment in training programs to improve employees performance that in turn can give rise to general performance of organization.Basically training is conducted because of current or expected performance deficiency related to skills, knowledge, and abilities. So, undoubtedly, training and performance is naturally interlinked. When any management person realizes th e problem in productivity they identify which type of training is required for solving the issue. Discussion Employee training in an oil sector is an important factor in the success of an organization. Also the labor is particularly cheap in China so it requires effective management in working efficiently and effectively (Armstrong, 2000).Training is not a single smell process but it is a group of activities to provide employees with required or improved KSAs that helps them to perform efficiently and in accomplishment of organizations goals. It provides organizations increased employee commitment, improved job performance, enhance organization flexibility to adopt changes due to intragroup and external factors, reduce conflicts among employees, gives high motivation, improve thinking, creativity and physical competencies, and create an overall environment of dedication towards organisational objectives.Training is a five step process that starts from the training need analysis a nd ends at evaluation stage. Training is not only provided to improve and teach new skills but also to remember existing skills with the alignment of new technologies and other factors. According to the research, there are five major(ip) benefits of training programs. First one is enhanced skills, second is eon planning, decrease time of supervision, management of risk, and improved motivation. achievement management is also a major function of Human Resource Management. It has contrastive components related to measures of managing and assessing employee performance.Performance management includes improvement of individual and overall performance, delivering expectations of management from supervisors and managers, promote communication between management and employees, supervising subordinates to improve their performance by rewarding and recognizing them, and conclude poor performance issues. Performance management comprise of five key factors as motivation, appraisals, prom otions, coaching or supervising, and poor performance issues are resolved. The US petro chemical company operating in China needs to set up a learning organization in order to enhance faster issue and sustainability in the region.The successful organizations have focused on creating learning organizations through incorporating the five surveys of personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, team learning and systems thinking (Senge, 2010). As human resources are the assets of an organization they need to be developed efficiently and effectively through the approaches of gaining personal mastery. Personal mastery is a discipline that focuses on creating and broadening personal vision as an employee to gain focus and motivation for achieving better results in barriers of output and profit as well as personal development (Senge, 2010).Mental models describe the perspectives, generalizations and assumptions that the employees hold in their minds about the world. If the me ntal models are negative then it can hamper the employees in their personal growth as well as in attainment organizational objectives and vision. Positive attitudes of employees helps build up a shared vision towards organizational success. (Senge, 2010). This can be major human resource gap. Human resource development is an strategy to fill out HR gaps that causes major problems in achieving effective organizational performance and profitability (Ulrich, 2012).Human resource development encompasses human resource practices that are crucial to the effective, competitive and sustainable development of human resource management system. The categorization of human capital has been sub-divided into three categories which are intellectual capital, social capital and organizational capital. Human resource development encompasses crucial aspects of effective work practices that include recruitment and selection processes, employee training and development and performance management and com pensation management to enhance the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees.These HRM practices conducted effectively results in the retention of quality employees and the dismissal of shirkers. One is of the major aspect of human resource development and management is the recruitment and selection of employees (Senge, 2010). Job Assignment, enlisting and Selection Recruitment and selections are crucial for the organization, because it makes sure that the right kind of individual is selected so that they can bring success to the company (Senge, 2010). The strategic fit between the individual and the organization is done through recruitment and selection and it can be seen in the following diagram.Recruitment and selection is one of the most crucial and important phases of human resource development. It is the most initial phase in human resource development and management. As a first step a pool of candidates are selected that meet the eligibility standards for the jobs in an o rganizations, then out of these pool of candidates the most suitable ones are screened and selected through various tests and interviews by which their knowledge, skills and abilities are analyzed. After the recruitment and selection phase comes the next crucial step of training and development of employees. ConclusionIt is a fact that China is a very successful company and its overall economic performance is improving year after year. The proof of its success can be seen in its wide operations in almost all country. Training and performance management as HR functions are very important for developing a sound management in the petrochemical sector of the country. So, the US management believes on the key role of performance management system and training programs in retaining and attracting high performers that in turn leads to improved overall business performance and gives extreme consideration to these functions.So, in the success or increasing financial results training and per formance management functions are playing vital role. In conclusion, performance management is directly related to business performance or success. Training is indirectly related to business success because without measuring performance gap, need of training cannot be identified and performance management helps in recognizing this need. Training is directly related to performance management because when training is given it increases performance of individuals that leads to improve business performance and when a business perform well it becomes successful.The success of an organization is based on attracting and retaining the right kind of individuals. The process of recruitment tends to intoxicate the sources of human resources to meet the requirements of staffing of the company and to implement effective measures so that talent could be attracted to fulfill the positions within the organization (Senge, 2010). Recruitment is very much Recruitment and selection are one of the majo r functions of the HR department.Recruitment process is based on a systematic procedure that starts from sourcing the talent and ending on interviews (Ulrich, 2012). There is a major gap in efficient recruitment procedures if they are not planned by keeping in mind the HR needs of an organization. (Senge, 2012) Recruitment procedures can be conducted effectively by laying out a proper recruitment plan through extensive research and analysis by creating a strategic human resource management plan and recruiting employees to create a competitive profit in the industry.It is a strategic task and forms the basis for how the company is able to grow and achieve their business targets (Ulrich, 2012). Learning Journal Introduction The United States of America is faced with cut pharynx competitive and challenging business environment all over the globe, the US petrochemical industry seeks out to curtail their production costs without affecting their production output or yield. The uncertain ty in oil prices is one of the most crucial factors that have a negative impact on forecasted earnings of the petrochemical industry.The most applicable method of price forecasting in petrochemical industry is making the estimations of average cost that has to be produced in a new plant in order to determine the economic size and eventually the reasonable profit The modules I have chosen are strategic management to gain competitive advantage and development of a core competency that is what others do not have is the key to implement a successful business strategy as is the suit with the globally successful business schools of the world. Micheal Porters five forces also impacts to a great extent in the viable strategic management of a business.These forces are bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, threat of new entrants, existing rivals and threat of substitute products and services. These are the industrial competitive forces that have to be analyzed and ass essed for capturing the market by implementing a viable strategy. The mangers who are involved in the strategic planning relate with the business of petrochemicals must be concerned with the future prices forecasting of petrochemicals as well as the factors that regulate these prices.Strategic management is concerned with developing effective policies as well as strategic plans, more often related to projects and the programs. These projects and programs are effectively developed and designed to accomplish and achieve these goals and objectives. After that the allocation of resources is done to implement strategically these policies as well as plans, in addition to projects and programs. A balanced scorecard is often used to evaluate the overall performance of the business and its progress towards achievement of its business goals and objectives efficiently and effectively.Recent studies and leading management theorists have advocated that strategy needs to start with stakeholders expectations and use a modified balanced scorecard which includes all stakeholders. I learnt that the collaboration between the public and private sector organizations is inevitable to ensure that the public policy has been implemented and met. Public sector organizations are more often than not government owned. They cannot ensure efficiency in every public goods and service they are providing.This is the system where private sector organizations are offered the tenders from public sector in order to carry out the production as well as deliverance of different varieties of public goods. Personal development is one of the major factors of attaining success in achieving ones learning objectives as well as move development. Personality traits, economic stability, social status, institutional, cultural and dispositional variables are some of the most important factors when people find upon their public life decisions.Career development and decisions are one of the most crucial deci sions of ones life as they shape a persons future prospects and sets out his vision for future. Discussion Economic stability is one of the major factors that influence the role in instruction execution ones career objectives. The ever increasing tuition fee is one of the major causes that affect students of not so high calibre for students who could not get into the university they postulate.There seems to be a dearth of good educational institutions particularly in Asian countries because many high achievers in academics do get scholarships for getting into the best university. The students who cannot get scholarship are often the ones who have the aptitude for the subject but just because they have not secured good grades they are left out from scholarships. There is a contrasting situation if we analyze the European countries and United States as there is a wide range of good universities to take into account when applying for higher education in universities (Daib, 1999).Psyc hological factors also impacts to a great extent on career choices. The introverts and the extroverts are the two major personality categories the introverts choose to vary in their selection of subjects as compared to extroverts. There is also a third category of individuals which is known as extroverted introverts ( The extroverts usually choose careers that require field work whereas the introverted personalities choose careers that will not let them reach out from their comfort zones.Both can choose the same career fields relating to the level of how introverted or extroverted are they (Wright, 1987). The extroverted introvert individuals are one of the important and complex personalities when it comes to analyzing their career choices (Sofer and Raimes, 2002). They pose a defensive self which reflects their extroverted side whereas deep inside themselves they know that they are introverts. Their career choices can be unexpected as compared to both the categories of individuals that is the extroverted and the introverted (Blackhall and Michelle, 2010).There are four stages of career development that consists of exploration, option analysis and decision-making, planning and implementation (Sofer and Raimes, 2002). The stage of exploration consists of analyzing different career options and exploring a wide range of career options including different studies and aptitudes required. The stage of option analysis comprises of the options available to make a successful and promising career as well as the fulfilment of learning objectives (Underwood,1989). The third stage is planning in which you plan to tread on the way as a career you have chosen for yourself (Bouma and Atkinson, 1995).The research and development should have to be enhanced in order to support the further viability of the new petrochemical setup in China Conclusion The module also helped me in understanding personal development. Personal development is one of the major factors of attaining succe ss in achieving ones learning objectives as well as career development. Personality traits, economic stability, social status, institutional, cultural and dispositional variables are some of the most important factors when people decide upon their career decisions.Career development and decisions are one of the most crucial decisions of ones life as they shape a persons future prospects and sets out his vision for future. The determination of career and learning objectives is one of the basic human rights and it is the right of every person to have his dreams of education and careers fulfilled. Also, it is of furthest importance that an individual should make a right career choice irrespective of the cultural, social and other pressures that have an impact on the long term mission and vision of an individual.With many factors influencing the career choices and learning objectives it is imperative that the right learning and career choices should be made in order to have a promising and successful future. Direction For Furthur Research How can the strategic management of the US petrochemical industry be improved to gain more markets in China? What are the ways to attract ideal employees for the organizational setup for petro chemical industries in China?

Chinese political culture Essay

The book CHINESE POLITICAL CULTURE relates to political culture in importantly different ways from the approaches used in other books with similar content. This book touches on many aspects of Chinese political culture as a result, interlingual rendition the book gives one a better comprehension of chinawares complexity. This collection of essays manages to achieve this aim without losing its unity.The first section of the book explores the modern slip of Chinese traditional culture and its effect on contemporary political culture. It speaks to the complexity of the issue that the three essays do not agree on whether neo-Confucianism eternally provides the foundation on which contemporary Chinese political culture can rest. Kam Louie examines the role of Confucianisms dichotomy between wen man of letter and wu warrior to emphasize continuities in the paternal nature of Chinese society.Roger Ames, from a different perspective, examines the continued relevance of Confucianism amon g intellectuals in his presentation of the creative use of Kant by noted scholars Mou Zongsan and Li Zehou in their travail to reassert the relevance of the Confucian heritage. Godwin Chu, however, shows that although there are striking continuities between the ways in which the concept of zhong loyalty was used in traditional China and during the Maoist period, the individual assertiveness he observes today marks a major break with the past. The second section of the book proceeds to socialization and observes official ideologies.The chapter on nationalism, by Edward Friedman, reminds us that despite the use of a sometimes strident nationalist rhetoric by its leaders, the existence of a Chinese nation defend by the Party-state remains a long way off, as evidenced by the inability of the government to establish institutions such as the welfare state. The chapter by Zhu Jianhua and Ke Huixin, which addresses the construction of Hong Kong in the minds of Chinese in Gungzhou and Shen zhen, suggests that despite greater exposure to a diversity of opinions, people living next door to Hong Kong still die hard distorted views about that territory.Misra Kalpanas chapter on the transition from neo-Maoism to neo-conservatism offers to explain this paradox. She argues that the state has successfully shed its orthodox Leninist ideology in favor of neo-conservative nationalism convey to the recuperation of the neo-conservative discourses emerging in diverse milieus of society. Peter Moody addresses cynicism and indifference to politics in China in his chapter on anti-political tendencies. Moody also warns that the anti-political trends may end up tacitly endorsing the unjust, corrupt political system they claim to reject.The third section enriches these nuances with an additional layer of complexity, by looking into the different variants of Chinese political cultures found among different social strata and regions. Cheng Li looks at the emergence of pluralism among en trepreneurs Alan Liu at provincial identities Shih Chih-yu at elections in minority areas of the PRC and Taiwan tanginess Wenfang at religion in China and Taiwan and ChuYun-han and Chang Yu-tzung at regime legitimacy in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, through the use of sophisticated survey techniques.This third secern of the book may present less coherence, but the case studies succeed in illustrating the diversity of Chinese political culture. My altogether remark is about Lius assertion that Chinese on the mainland, as well as mainlanders living in Taiwan, are displaying lower levels of religiosity, and that higher degrees of modernization reduce religiosity. Not only does this conclusion contrast with most studies on religion in Taiwan, but the data contradicts this statement Taiwan displays a higher degree of religiosity than China despite its greater degree of modernization.It is also necessary to note that the past two decades has been a period of remarkable growth in China, characterized by stinting expansion and the opening of its society to the outside world. What has followed is a better life for many of its citizens. As a result, China supporters from outside its borders have become self-confident that economic and social progress will eventually lead to a more open political system and consequently more favourable enthronement conditions. Reference CHINESE POLITICAL CULTURE 1989-2000. Edited by Shiping Hua, foreword by Andrew J. Nathan. Armonk (New York), London (England) M. E. Sharpe. 2001. xv, 370 pp.

Gardner’s Theory on Seven Intelligences

Gardners intelligence theory adds from a book he wrote and published title Frames of Mind (1983). Gardners theory on the seven intelligences was quickly adapted by the procreational and readying fields to help educators and trainers to understand personalities, intelligence, and swindleing styles. This has enabled educators and trainers to narrow in on how to teach and grasp the assistance of all their students and trainees.Whereas encouraging and motivating them by mind how they learn and the best port to teach them. Gardners theories and concepts are aids to understanding overall personalities and strengths. These theories and concepts are all easily understood and burn be incorporated into almost any educational or training situation, to better assist in the education and training process. Sometimes combining much than one intelligence helps in finding the best way to educate and train individuals all over the world. lingual Intelligence is the intelligence of language o r words, when you learn by writing the information down, or when you adopt information my hearing words this is all a form of Linguistic Intelligence. When you form images in your mind when learning or you have to picture what is universe taught in your head this is part of the Spatial Intelligence. When you learn by listening to music or if you absorb information better when music is playing this is the Musical Intelligence.Now when learning comes when you actually do what is macrocosm taught, hands on so to speak this is called the Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence. Interpersonal Intelligence is happening when a person can learn about a person or situation by the vibe they get from some other person in the situation. Also when you learn better through interactions with others like group projects or having a study buddy this can be considered Interpersonal Intelligence. When you rely on self to learn, by understanding your own feelings and interest this is the Intrapersonal Intel ligence.People that use Intrapersonal Intelligence are usually independent learners. Now with coherent Mathematical Intelligence you learn by patterns and reasoning, often needing facts to solve problems, also with learning things need to establish sense or be logical. Out of the Seven Intelligence Theories produced by Howard Gardner I believe that Linguistic and Bodily- Kinesthetic are the two that are most dominate in my life. When I learn or am trying to absorb information. I have to hear the words and follow along with the indite words when possible.So I download audio files of my text books and take good notes, and when I go over my notes I always read them out loud. As with the Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence, I see this come through when I write information that I am trying to learn this ties into my Linguistic Intelligence, because I not only need to see and hear my work, I have to physically write it down. The gesture of the writing and picturing the words in my mind, I always find it easier to retain information. In studying Gardners theories on intelligences I have so much about helping myself to learn more effectively and efficiently.

Hamlet and Othello Essay

The 2 plays by William Shakespeare, settlement and Othello, reflect the Renaissance philosophy, with its most important schools- Platonism, Aristotelianism and Hu mankindism, especially in their treatment of benignant record and human condition. The works of the two philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which formed the basis of the two movements that took the names of their initiators, were reinterpreted by many scholars of the gothic and Renaissance period, and of the later periods.Platonism and Aristotelianism were opposed philosophies in their first articulation. The Platonists believed that there is a cosmos of abstr flakeions, the pure dry land of ideas. The characteristics of the material objects, formed an abstract world, which was to a greater extentover, the true word. For example, the Platonist school of thought implied that the material world was only a reflection factor of the perfect world of ideas, that is, a beautiful object is only the reflection of the idea of beauty.Aristotle revised these ideas that Plato had first initiated, and proposed an opposed view, which was based on an empirical way of knowing the world, and which constituted the first tone towards natural science.The two doctrines referred clearly to both(prenominal) ontological and epistemological facts about the world.On the other hand, the Renaissance humanism which was actually the most characteristic philosophy for this period, emphasized the nobility of human nature, and the powers of human intellect and spirit, while joining the two main philosophies Platonism and Aristotelianism.As Brian Copenhaver and Charles Schmitt observed in their Renaissance Philosophy, both Platonism and Aristotelianism presented many problems for the humanists and for the theologians as s considerably up, like, for instance the transmigration of souls and other beliefs which seemed incompatible with Christianitywhy should an upwardly mobile scholar or bureaucrat sympathize with Platos eliti sm? Were humanists not troubled by his scorn for poets and rhetoricians? Platos advocacy of communism and advertisement of homosexuality invited political and social complaint. Even his famed piety seemed out of tune with a philosophy that made matter eternal, the human soul antecedent and migratory, and the gods and demons many, powerful, and worthy of worship. As the Renaissance came to know Plato better, discussion of his thought could not have been other than interlacing and divided, and the controversy had been prepared by an anti-Platonic tradition long sustained by pagans and Christians alike. As early innovative thinkers developed new modes of reading unkn avow to antiquity and the Middle Ages, Platos compatibility with Christianity remained the leading question. (Copenhaver, 129)However, many of the ideas of the two philosophies were either kept or reinterpreted as the main philosophical views at the time of Renaissance, and this is truly well reflected in the plays of William Shakespeare.In village, which is one of Shakespeares plays that most approaches a metaphysical view of human nature seems to waver in its demand purport upon the edge separating Platonism from Aristotelianism. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the greatest dilemmas in Hamlet is that of individual action.Shakespeares prince of Denmark is called upon to r unconstipatedge the murder of his father. As critics have observed repeatedly, on of the most essential and telling things in the play is Hamlet hesitation when he has to narrow definite action against the murderer. One of the essential differences between the humanists who advocated Platos theory and the ones who adopted Aristotelianism, was that between the contemplative feeling that was characteristic of the Platonic movement and that of active life as presented by Aristotle. Various philosophers of the Renaissance took up one or the other of the two doctrines, and encouraged either contemplation or actionFicinos work () in addition glorified the contemplative life and professed an ascetic contempt for the material world not in belongings with the pragmatic interests of the civic humanists. But to see the Aristotelian Argyropoulos as champion of the active life and the Platonist Ficino as prophet of contemplative quietism is too simple. For one thing, Argyropoulos seems to have in escapeed no activist propaganda in his teaching, and, even more important, Ficinos theory of the contemplative life kept his philosophy attractive to the politically and economically vigorous Florentines who supported him.Always urging the ascent of the soul, Ficino presented the contemplative life as the final step in a hierarchy of human action that led people to surpass the active life without utterly denying it lived well, the active life becomes a step on the way to escaping matter and uniting with God. It was the temperament of Neoplatonism to open channels between the divine and the mundane that transcended t he world while preserving it as a program for ascent to the godhead. (Copenhaver, 144)Hamlet seems to be a contemplative character altogether, for whom the ideal world of abstract clean values constitutes the guiding principle. When he is faced with the baseness of the many crimes that occur in his own family, he postpones taking action and revenging his father. Moreover, the revenge takes sit almost accidentally at the end of the play. His hesitation in front of these material problems is relevant for his Neo- Platonic frame of thought How all occasions do state against me, And spur my dull revenge. What is a man If his chief good and market if his time Be and to sleep and feed? A beast, no more. Sure he that made us with such volumed discourse, Looking before and after, gave us not That capability and godlike reason To fust in us unusd. (Ham. IV. 4. 32-39)It becomes obvious from Hamlets speech that his reflections regarding human condition and human nature are based on main principles of both Humanism and Platonic thinking man is seen alternately by Hamlet as a superior being endowed with godlike reason and a beast, whose main concerns are its primeval needs. That is, Hamlets own ideas about the world and about man, which are essentially idealistic and Platonist, march with an obvious obstacle in the material world, where he sees the baseness of character of both his uncle and his mother. An even more poignant example of how he is repelled by the idea of a purely material world in which the spiritual realities he believes in are hardly perceptible is his unjust condemnation of Ophelia, whom he blames without certainty for the frailty he sees in his own mother.Hamlet ponders himself on his own hesitation in when he is supposed to take action, and realizes that his wavering comes from what he calls thinking too precisely on the event ( Ham. IV. 4. 41), that is to say, his own contemplative nature and the need to understand first and meditate on the ev ent, as well as to judge it, prevent him from taking action. At the end of the monologue however, he determines that his thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth( Ham. IV. 4. 66), that is, he chooses action over contemplation, as he feels he is compelled by the events to mend things and do justice to his fathers death.Thus, it can be said that Hamlet has to take action and reinstate the ethical tramp in the world, which had been so terribly disturbed by the crimes which took place in his family. This structuring of the events reflects the Renaissance philosophical context, which blended Platonism with Aristotelianism and Humanism.First of all, according to the Platonists man should tend to contemplation of the ideal world, and live in the purer world of the spirit, not be limited to the material one. The protagonists in Hamlet, that is the king and the queen, have sinned against these precepts by giving in to desire of power and to lust. The fact that Hamlet feels that he needs to t ake action is in tuning with the humanist idea that man can reestablish the divine order and that, in order to do that, he must play the part that is needed of him in the material world.Thus, the two worlds- the material and transcendental are not completely separate, and the Renaissance man believed that the spiritual perfection can be reached through action as well, insofar as this would hint reestablishing the divine order.In Othello, similar ideas appear about individual action. Othello too is called upon to take action against what he believes was the betrayal of his wife Desdemona. However, the first significant difference between Hamlet and Othello is that the latter is a moor, that is a colored man, of a different race and religion.The Renaissance views on the subject of race are very significant in the context of the play, and are reflected especially in Othellos character, which appears to be the very diametric of that of Hamlet.If Hamlet is of a contemplative nature, g iven to musings about the nature of man and his place in the world, Othello is a rough, impulsive man who acts without hesitation, but also, acts when he shouldnt.He is easily deceived by Iago and therefore he believes him when he tries to inflict him with false ideas about Desdemonas love. Thus, Othello, who like Hamlet, can be said to perform an act of revenge, actually does something which is useless and, moreover, unjust. Othellos character is also evident at the end of the play, after he kills Desdemona and confesses the manner in which he loved her one that loved not wisely, but too well (V.2.340). Thus, his own statement reveals the nature of his impulsive and tempestuous character and emotions he was capable of true and unafraid love, although he did not love wisely.This proves essentially that Hamlet and Othello are two opposite characters, both acting in the name of revenge, although for different reasons, Hamlet in his attempt at reestablishing the moral order and Othell o in the name of love. However, if Hamlet hesitates to take action for most of the play, and moreover, chooses the device of the staged play to bulge out his revenge, that is, another intellectual, contemplative device, Othello takes action without judging the events for himself, but being merely influenced by what Iago was telling him. Othello is a military character in a way, who is prone to take action and fight Farewell the muted mind farewell contentFarewell the plumed troops, and the big warsThat makes ambition virtue 0, farewellThe kinglike banner, and all quality,Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious warAnd O you mortal engines, whose rude throatsTh immortal Joves dread clamors counterfeit,Farewell Othellos occupations gone. ( Othello, 3.3.347-57)It is interesting to notice that both Othello and Hamlet may be paralleled to Cervantes apply Quixote.Hamlet lives interiorly in a Platonic world, which could be likened to Don Quixotes admiration of the books of romance w ith actual reality. Don Quixote lives in the world of the stories he has read, and moreover, those stories are chivalric romances, that is stories of quest and exemplary deeds which aim at mending the world and which are always fraught with symbolic meaning. But, he needs to accomplish the deeds that fill his fantasy, and although it cant be said that he does so, he does act. In Don Quixote thus, action is itself unreal, since his chivalric deeds are not what he believes they areWere those bollix walls in thy fantasy, Sancho, quoth Don Quixote, where or thorough which thou sawest that never-enough-praised gentleness and beauty? They were not so, but galleries, walks, or goodly stone pavementsor how call ye em?of rich and royal palaces. (Cervantes II, 489)The chivalric romances which are Don Quixotes faith are also that of Othello in a way, because of the latters military character, and his inquisition for adventures. Othellos love for Desdemona also has something of the chivalric about it. Thus, all the three characters, Hamlet, Othello and Don Quixote evince the kindred Platonist and Aristotelian dilemmas of contemplation and the spiritual versus action and the material.