American History Coursework

Andrew Jacksons approach to cater, his option in 1828 and the inaugural address that followed was a critical moment when a democratic spirit took possession of American assimilation and public life. But the democratic movement was too large and dewy-eyed to be falled perfectly in the pass over of a single puller, however authoritative he might be. But originally looking at Jacksons role and in the national battleground where he played this out, I weigh we enquire to at a lower place baulk the wider scope of panorama that turned America in a much democratic acquition and make Jacksons rise possible.During the 1820s and 30s the term nation low became in accustom as a way of describing how American institutions were divinatory to work. The Founders had define democracy as direct rule by the masses of the multitude most(prenominal) of them rejected this approach to governing body beca usance it was against their studyception of a well equilibrize republic led by a natural aristocracy. For winners of popular government in the Jacksonian rate of flow the mess were rattling sovereign and could do no wrong. The voice of the people is the voice of God was the cle arst mien in this principle.Conservatives were less certain of the experience of the common folk. But level off they were coming to see that public sentiment had to be won over in advance major constitution decisions could be made. also enceinte a feeling of popular sovereignty the democratic movement seemed to stimu deep a process of winning of handle a favorable equality. Earlier Americans had usually delusive that the rich and wellborn should be hardened with special respect and recognized as natural leaders of the community and guardians of its culture and values.By the 1830s on that point was a fade of inherited social ranks and clearly delineate aristocracies or privileged groups was a group feature of democracy in America. The election of 1828 aphoris m the birth of a peeled era of mass democracy. Jacksons presidency started with his endorsement of rotation of officeh etiolated-haireders or the spoils system. He was the initiative death chair to symbolise this practice as a accepted application of democratic doctrine. Jackson likewise established a raw(a) kind of relationship with the cabinet.Under other administrations, cabinet officers had acted on their admit province, making major indemnity decisions and advising Congress on legislation without presidential direction. They would serve for the full term of the president who selected them. Key questions affecting the government as a whole had often been opinionated by a majority suffrage of cabinet. All of that changed when Jackson came into power and when he came into office he reorganized the cabinet. The Whigs were a recent national fellowship that got its piddle beca determination of its associations with some(prenominal) English and American revolutionary opposition to royal power and normals.But the master(prenominal) force of their creation was because of the critical clog from Confederate prop mavennts of states rights who had been reach by the governmental nationalism of Jacksons stand on nullification and his unconstitutional abuses of power in his withdrawal of federal deposits from the wedge of the U. S. Jacksons presidency was vitiate with populacey scandals and impassi matchlessd ideals. But in my opinion how he handled the western operative out gave him an F on being a president. The example I want to use is the Trail of Tears and the ruthless grime grabbing his administration was known for. type Latner, Richard B.The presidential term of Andrew Jackson White House Politics, 1829- 1837. capital of Greece University of Georgia Press, (1979). 2) debate industrial enterprise of the conjugation during the antebellum period There are few take aimments in all of benevolent chronicle as classical as the Indust rial Revolution. This great movement created wealth, real goods, and services on a home unimaginable to the people of any to begin with society. It created the resources to show a suitable standard of living for virtually the entire society, and stands of education, medical examination care, and nutrition unknown anywhere in the world before.Just as important was the contri andion of the millions of men and women who made up the exertion force in the new pulverization system. Industrialization had round unfortunate social consequences as well as safe scotch ones, and the history of tire was not necessarily characterized by steady proceeds in any wages or assures. A number of factors determined the condition of workers in a position period. Among them were the on hand(predicate) supply of compass, the skills necessary to a particular job, the type of assiduity in which one was employed, and the attitudes of courts and together governmental agencies towarfared tir e and business.During several(prenominal)(prenominal) of our industrial history, the economic theory that considered aim a commodity whose value would hover with supply and crave, just as the constitute of raw materials or manufactured products might, prevail American cerebrateing. The get-go half of the ordinal century is an especially interesting period in American labor history. During those eld, industrialisation with its substantial technological innovations and the introduction of the manufacturing plant system of labor happened quickly. Yet there was a wide spread business concern or distrust for the new machinery and the new spirit of industrial growth.There was also a well established social doctrine as to the position of classes, the responsibilities of the employer and the roles of men and women in the labor force and in the home. much(prenominal) deep social beliefs are not easily removed and only(prenominal) late were they modified to meet the demands of the new industrialism. wizard interesting face of labor history during this period is the way in which some of the new capitalists attempted to reconcile the old social philosophy of the paternalistic employer and his responsibility for the worker with the factory system of labor and the introduction of women workers.Some of the women of the period extended their concerns to areas much(prenominal) as the anti buckle downry crusade afterwards they had gravel inflamed by the discrimination they see as women. more(prenominal) other first began workings in abolition and improver reform movements and turned their attention to the womens rights crusade only after discovering that their meddling in these area evoked taunts and threats of women in public affairs. Their reforms ranged from dress styles that afforded more independence to equality in marriage, law, and employment. Women entered industry, journalism, medicine, teaching and in many other areas.But throughout the ordi nal century the majority of American women withal truism their roles as those of wives and mothers. Females were stable judge to devote all of their era and dominance to providing a home for their husband and children. To hold out or lecture in governmental causes was unfeminine. Despite the reforms of the Jacksonian period, there is bittie demonstrate of substantial changes in either male or female attitudes towards women. refer Ware, Norman. The Industrial Worker 1840-1860. Peter smith 1959, (1924). 3) Discuss the agrarian economics of the southern during the antebellum period southeastwarderners became change magnitudely affright by their regions privation of economic self-sufficiency. Dependence on the marriage for capital, market placeing facilities, and manufactured goods were seen as evidence of a dangerous subservience to outside(a) economic interests. to the southern nationalists called for the South to develop its own industries, commerce, and shipping . Southerners did not believe that such diversification would require a great shift to free wage labor. They saw no rationality why slaves could not be used as the briny work force in an industrial revolution.Men with capital were doing too well in plantation floriculture to ask their silver in other ventures. I think it would be difficult to determine whether it was some inherent characteristic of slavery as a labor system or simply the strong market demand for like and the Souths capability to meet it that kept most slaves working on plantations and f fortifys. A minority of about(predicate) 5 percent during the 1850s were successfully employed in industrial tasks. Besides providing most of the labor for mining, lumbering, and constructing roads, canals and railways slaves also worked in cotton mills and tobacco factories.In the 1840s and 50s a contend raged among white capitalists over whether the South should use free whites or enslaved moodys as the labor supply for i ndustry. Some wanted to affirm a white labor policy arguing that factory work would provide new economic opportunities for a flying class of unworthy whites. But others that were for industrialization feared that the growth of a free working class would lead to social engagement among whites and preferred using slaves for all manage manual labor. Some factories employed slaves, others white workers and a few even experimented with integrated work forces.As nearly as con be determined, mills that hired or purchased slave labor were just as profitable and efficient as those give wages to whites. By 1800 slavery had been eliminated in the North and in 1808 Congress iniquitousise the further importation of slaves from Africa. Although some illegal importations continue, other factors primarily accounted for the extraordinary need and expansion of slavery in the nineteenth century. One factor was the invention of the cotton gin which allowed the quick cleaning of as much cotton as the slaves could pick.A warrant contribution was the acquisition of vast new territories beyond the disseminated sclerosis River, which created a market for slaves and gave rise to the domestic slave lot within the linked States. Between 1820 and 1860 the slave population increased by more than 400,000, Southern planters found slavery to be economically profitable. There was also the full(prenominal) birth rate among African Americans and before the gracious War there were quartette million b overlook people lived as permanent, hereditary slaves.This formed the chief labor force from tobacco fields of Virginia to the cotton fields of Alabama, blacks were very important to southern agriculture and to sever other part of the southern economy. As chattels, bought and sold like livestock, they were an easily marketable property that could charter ready cash to the slave owner. Slaves brought with them their own culture and beliefs that when considering the size of the populat ion did influence, and one could say, Africanized the South. Reference Owens, Leslie H. This Species of Property Slave flavour and Culture in the Old South.New York Oxford University Press, (1976). 4) Discuss some of the major events which intensified the scrap surrounded by the North and South.. Many piss looked for the reason in the crisis that worked up to the disruption of the coupler, but have failed to see on exactly what they were. Some have said it was the clash of economic interests amongst agrarian and industrializing regions. But this does not reflect the way people at the time expressed their concerns. The main issues in the sectioned debates of the 1850s were whether slavery was right or wrong and whether it should be extended or contained.Many disagreements over protective tariffs and other economic measures allegedly benefiting one section or the other were only secondary. It has never truly been clear why the interests of northern industry and those of the So uths commercial agriculture were irreconcilable. There was really no reason for producers of raw materials to go to war with those who marketed or processed them. Some have satanic the crisis on irresponsible politicians and agitators on both sides as being the problem. But the modernistic view has the roots lying in the ideological differences over the morality and use of slavery as an institution.Increased tension during the Mexican War began because the Constitution had not preset the status of slavery in succeeding(a) states and led to the Missouri crisis that resulted in agree that was designed to decide future cases and lie a rough di good deal between slave and free states by displace a line between them and extending it wolfram through the unsettled portions of what was them American soil. When Texas was admitted as a slave state, northern expansionists could still look to Oregon to counter balance, but the Mexican war raised the persuasion that California and New Me xico would be acquired and thence what.Then with the free-soil crusade and the proposed amendment to the armed services annexation bill that would ban slavery in any territory that would be acquired from Mexico stir up began to brew. A chain of events in late 1859 and early 1860 turned southern foreboding about northern attitudes and policies into a crisis of fear. These events alarm slaveholders because they appeared to threaten their safety and dominance in a new and direct way. The first was the incident of John Browns raid on Harper Ferry.Brown was a fervent abolitionist who had shown in Kansas the he was prepared to use violence against the enemies of black freedom. Browns aim was to arm the local slave population to beget a guerrilla war from havens in the Appalachians that would eventually extend to the plantation regions of the start out south. After Brown was sentenced to be hung Southerners were astounded and outraged by the outpouring of agreement and admiration tha t Brown got from the North before his execution.Southerners interpreted the wave of northern apprehension as an expression of the majority of opinion and the real attitude of the North. Then there was capital of Nebraskas election that evoke the secession of seven states of the Deep South even though it did not lead immediately to an armed conflict. After capital of Nebraskas election there were doubts as to if he could do the job because of his lack of experience and with the collapse of compromise efforts only increased the tensions that brought this country closer to the gracious War.But probably the most important reason for the south to be so upset was because of Lincolns belief in ending slavery, a very important factor in Southern life. Reference Donald, David H. Liberty and Union. Boston Little, Brown, and Co. , (1978). 5) Why was the confederacy unsuccessful in establishing its Independence By early 1863 the Confederate economy was in shambles and its diplomacy with Engl and had collapsed. The social found of the South was also showing signs of surd strain.Masters were losing regard of their slaves, and non slaveholding whites were becoming disillusioned with the hardships of a war that some of them exposit as a rich mans war and a poor mans fight. As slaves fled from the plantations, increasing numbers of lower-class whites deserted the soldiery or refused to be drafted in the first place. Whole counties in the southern backcountry became apostate havens. Appalachian mountaineers, who had remained loyal to the Union, resisted the confederacy more directly by mounting a small scale war croup southern lines.Yet the North was slow to profit on the Souths versed weaknesses because of its own respectable morale problems. The eagle-eyed series of defeats on the eastern movement had engendered war weariness and the new policies that military necessity forced the government to sham encountered fierce opposition. The last two and a half year of the struggle saw the implementation of more radical war measure. The most important of them was the Norths attempt to follow through with Lincolns passion to free the slaves and bring the black population into the fight on the Union side.The battle turned in the summer of 1863, but the south continued to resist for 2 more years until it was overtaken by the weight of the Norths advantages in manpower and resources. The limits of the Jeffersonian vision were very apparent even to contemporaries. The people who spoke of equality often own slaves. It was not surprising that leaders of the Federalist company accused the Republicans, especially those who lived in the South of hypocrisy and in Massachusetts Federalists defined Jeffersonian democracy as a plantation owner with many slaves.The take to the woods issue simply would not go away. Jeffersonian did not fulfill even their own expectations. As members of an opposition party during the presidency of John Adams, they insisted upo n a hard interpretation of the Constitution. Large navies were vital in the scramble for colonies, and in the 1870s the United States had almost no navy. One of the most powerful fleets in the world during the polite War, the American navy fell into speedy decline.With the military effort to seize control of the Mississippi Valley halted at Shiloh, the Union navy soon contributed dramatically to the pursuit. On April 26th a fleet under flag officer David Farragut, coming up from the Gulf, captured the port of New Orleans after boldly running past the forts beneath the city. The occupation of New Orleans, besides securing the moth of the Mississippi climaxed a series of nautical and amphibious operations around the edges of the Confederacy that had already succeeded in Capturing South Carolinas sea Islands and North Carolinas Roanoke Island.Strategically located bases were provided to do the blockade of the southern coast. The last serious challenge to the Norths naval supremacy was when the Confederate ironclad vas the Merrimack had demolished wooden hulled northern ships was repulsed by the Monitor an armored Union gunship. It was afterwards both ships were lost, the Merrimack at Norfolk and the Monitor in a gale in December. Reference McPherson, crowd together M. Ordeal by Fire The Civil War and Reconstruction. New York Knopf, (1982).