Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline

Chapter 5 * Thirteen original colonies is mis surpassing because Britain encounterd thirty- dickens colonies in sexual union the States by 1775 * Included Canada, the Floridas, and various Caribbean islands * Only thirteen unfurled the standard of rebellion A few of the nonrebels (Canada, Jamaica, etc) were larger, wealthier, or to a greater extent populous than many of the revolting thirteen * Some British colonies had strike for their license while another(prenominal)s did non/ due to the distinctive tender, economic, and political structures of the thirteen Atlantic seaboard colonies and besides in the halting gradual appearance in the American way of life Conquest by the Cradle * Among distinguishing characteristics of disaffected settlements lusty existence growth * Colonists doubled their be take downry 25 years atomic number 63ans * Dr.Samuel Johnson Multiplying like rattlesnakes * Also were youthful av successionge age was 16 * In 1775, the close to populous col onies were Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. * Only four communities could be c tout ensembleed cities first Philadelphia (including suburbs), sore York, Boston, Charleston * 90% of the people lived in sylvan areas A Mingling of the Races * compound America had been a melting dirty dog since the outset cosmos was English in stock and language, to that degree mottle with numerous foreign groups * Germans * 1775 close 6% of total population Fleeing spiritual persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of struggle * more or lessly settled in Pennsylvania in the primal 1700s * Added to unearthly diversity belonged to different Protestant sects, primarily Lutheran * Erroneously known as the Pennsylvania Dutch and make up 1/3 of colonys population * Moved into Penns vertebral columncountry * Their splendid stone barns give evidence of industry and prosperity * Clung to their German culture and language * Scots-Irish * 7% of population in 1775 * Not Irish at on the whole and turbulent Scots Lowlanders Had been transported over a period of time to Northern Ireland did not prosper * Irish Catholics despised Scottish Presbyterian and resented the intrusion * Economic life of Scots-Irish was hampered, especially when English governing body put burden around re relentlessions on their product of woolens and linens * Early 1700s tens of thousands of Scots- Irish came to America, largely to tolerant and deep-soiled Pennsylvania * Best land was already interpreted by Germans and Quakers pushed out into the frontier * Il jurally only when defiantly squatted on spare lands and quarreled with Indian and white owners * Superior frontiersmen with ready violence for Indians * Idea that they un broken Sabbath and all else they could get their hands on * They scorned British political social intercourse (or apparently any other government) who had once uprooted and dumb lorded over them * light-emitting diode the armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia, protesting the Quakers oligarchys subdued policy towards Indians * Also led Regulator movement in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colonys affairs * Many of these hotheads (ex Andrew Jackson) in the end joined the American revolutionists * 5% of multicolored compound population include cut Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swish, and Scots Highlanders felt little loyalty to British vizor * Largest non-English group Africans Thirteen colonies had around mixed population * South 90% of slaves * radical England puritans least ethnic diversity * Middle Colonies (especially Penns Woods) current most of after white immigrants and had astonishing variety * This variety fit(p) the foundations for the diverse multicultural American identity * Whites mixed with other whites, as were Africans from slave trade African Americans * Polyglot Native American communities emerged cloud-covered tribal identity boundaries T he Structure of Colonial Society * telephone circuited to EuropeAmerican was a land of equality and opportunity except for the slaves * No title nobility or pauperized to a lower placeclass Most white Americans and nearly needy blacks were small farmers * Cities small class of skilled artisans, shopkeepers, tradespeople, and unskilled causal laborers * Most astonishing could go from rags to riches for an ambitious colonist, rare in England * Contrast with 17th carbon America compound society on the eve of alteration began to show signs of stratification/ barriers to mobility raised worries about Europeanization of America * Gods of war contri exactlyed to these developments * Armed conflicts of the 1690s and early 1700s enriched a number of merchant princes in the raw England and plaza colonies laid foundations of their fortunes with profits make as military suppliers made money trade fancy clothes and ate with English china, etc * big(p) people came to be seated in chur ches/ schools according to rank * contend plague created class of widows and orphans became dependent on charity * Philadelphia and NY built almshouses However, still smaller number of poor in America than England (1/3 of population in E) * In sore England countryside descendent of original settlers faced more problems than descendents supply of unclaimed soil grew smaller and families larger existing landholdings were repeatedly subdivided * Average farm size drastically shrank and four-year-older kids were forced to move as wage laborers or seek virgin tracts of land beyond Alleghenies * South power of great planters were bolstered by disproportionate ownership of slaves * riches created by growing slave population in 18th century were not evenly distri buted among whites- wealth was concentrated in largest slave owners widened cranny surrounded by rich and poor whites who would portably become tenant farmers * In all the colonies the ranks of the lower classes were further swelled by the continuing stream of apprenticed servants, some(prenominal) of whom were eventually very successful * Many paupers and convicts were deported to the Americas, many because of the strict penal code in England with over 200 capital crimesnot fans of force * Lowest blacks they could not even dream of climbing the social ladder * People eared black rebellion SC law-makers even tried to restrict/ halt their importation * To reserve crummy labor, especially in sugar of West Indies, British authorities vetoed these attempts colonists image this veto was callous even though NE slave traders in addition very practically(prenominal) benefited from this * Cruel complexity of issue (think Thomas Jefferson) Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists * Christian ministry was most honored profession * Most physicians were down the stairs the weather carryed and not highly esteemed * The first medical school came in 1765 * Epidemics were a constant nightmare, especially smallpox a crude form of vaccination was introduced in 1721 despite objections by many physicians and clergy * Powdered dried toad was a favorite prescription for smallpox. Diphtheria was withal a killer, especially of young people. Grim reminder of one epidemic and the taking of their morality whitethorn have helped to prepare colonists in their hearts and minds for the religious revival that was presently to sweep them up * At first the law profession was not favorably regarded lawyers were regarded as noisy or troublemakers, drunkards or brothel owners sometimes assorties defended themselves in court Worka twenty-four hour period America * Agriculture was the leading industryinvolved about 90% of the people * Tobacco continued to be staple enclothe for Maryland and VA (wheat also spread through Chesapeake in tobacco ruin soil regions) * Fertile middle (bread) colonies with lots of grain NY was exporting a lot of flour a year A LOT * This was very technical, and America was overall the higher of standards of living lived by the majority of others in history up to that time * Fishing, though below agriculture, was rewarding and prosecute in all American colonies but major industry in New England stimulated shipbuilding and served as a nursery for the seamen * quick commerce, coastwise and overseas enriched all the colonies especially New England, NY, and Pennsylvania * commercialized ventures and land speculation replaced any get-rich-quick schemes and became the surest avenues to speedy wealth * Yankee seamen were celebrated not only as skilled mariners but also as ightfisted traders * Triangular trade was infamously profitable but small in relation to total colonial commerce * Manufacturing in the colonies was only secondary greatness but included rum, high hat hats, iron, household manufacturing (spinning and weaving) * Strong-back laborers and skilled craftspeople were scarce and highly prized * Lumbering was the most strategic single manufacturing a ctivity first primarily in New England, but then spread elsewhere in the colonies * Colonial naval stores (tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine) were highly valued because British wanted to lief and retain a mastery of the seas * capital of the United great powerdom offered generous bounties to stimulate production of these items * Towering trees were needed for royal masts in that location were restriction placed on them this shackle on free enterprise caused considerable acidulousness * By the 18th century Americans held an important flank of the thriving Atlantic economy, but strains appeared in this net solve as early as the 1730s * Fast educational activity Americans demanded more and more British products-yet the slow growing British population early reached the saturation point for absorbing imports from America * This trade unstableness prompted the Americans to sell their goods to foreign, non-British markets to get money to pay for British products * By the eve of the Re volution, the bulk of Chesapeake tobacco was in France and other European countries, btw it passed through British re-exporters * Most important was trade with West Indies, especially in cut islands West Indian barter fors of North American timber and foodstuffs provided cash for colonists to purchase British goods * Due to pressure from British West Indian planters, fantan passed the Molasses Act aim was to stop trade with french West Indies * American merchants respond by bribing, smuggling, etc Americans revolting, not submitting Horsepower and Sailpower All large but sparsely be pioneer communities were cursed with oppressive problems of transportation, including America with its scarcity of money and worker * Snot until 1700s did roads connect major cities, but they were still deficient * Roads were poor (dust in summer and bollocks up in winter) and stagecoach travelers faced problems like rickety bridges and hoyden horses * Bad roads heavy reliance on water ways populat ions clustered along banks or rivers slow and undependable but cheap and pleasant * Taverns sprang up along routes of travel as well as in cities all social classes mingled tavern was another cradle of democracy * Also important in crystallizing public opinion and hotbeds of agitation as Revolution continued * An intercolonial postal system was ceremonious by the mid-1700s Dominant Denominations dickens establish- tax back up- churches in 1775 Anglican and Congregational * However, large part of population did not worship in any church, even in colonies that maintained completed piety minority belonged to the churches * church service of England (Anglican) was official cartel in gallium, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and part of NY served as major prop of kingly post * However, it clung to a faith that was less fierce and more worldly than godliness of Puritanical New England shorter sermons, less scorned amusements, etc * The College of William and Mary was founded i n 1693 to train a better class of clerics for the Anglican Church * Congregational Church had grown out of Puritan Church and was influential formally established in all New England colonies except independent-minded Rhode Island * Presbyterianism, close to Congregational, was never made official in any of the colonies * These two combined with rebellion during early rumblings against British detonating device * Anglican clergy supported king but were incapacitate by not having a resident bishop, whose presence would have been comfortable for the ordination of young ministers people had to travel to England to be ordained and many non- Anglicans opposed the idea of creating an American bishopric because it would tighten royal reins * sacred tolerationhad made tremendous strides in America. there were fewer Catholics in America hence anti-Catholic laws were less severe and less strictly enforced. In general, people could worship or not worship as they pleased. The striking cha nge * In all colonial churches, religion was less perfervid in early 18th century than century before, when colonies were first pose * Puritan churches especially sagged under two burdens elaborate theological doctrines and their conciliative efforts to liberalize membership requirements * Liberal ideas began to challenge old time religion Puritan predestination was questioned a lot, especially bit Arminians, who preached that free leave alone determined eternal fate, not divine decree a few churches grudgingly said that spiritual conversion was not necessary for church membership (they had felt pressured) * These twin trends toward clerical cleverism and lay liberalism sucked spiritual energy from many denominations set stage for rousing religious revival, the Great Awakening * Great Awakening first started in Northampton, Massachusetts by Jonathon Edwards, an intellectual pastor he proclaimed that through faith in God,notthrough doing good works, could one attain eternal salv ation.He had an alive-style of preaching Sinners in Hands of * George Whitefieldgave America a different kind of evangelical fictional character of preaching (had an incredible voice) * His message even had Edwards to tears and Franklin to empty pockets unconditioned sinners expressed conversion * Theold lights, orthodox clergymen, were skeptical of the clean ways (emotional and theatrical) of preaching * New light ministers defended the Awakening for its component in restorative American religion * Congregationalists and Presbyterians were split over this issue * Many believers in the religious conversion went to the Baptists and other sects more prepared for emotion in religion * Awakening had many lasting effects had an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality and seriously undermined the older clergy, whose dominance had been derived from their education and knowledge * The schisms it set off in many denominations greatly increased the numbers and competitiveness of Americ an churches encouraged a wave of missionary work among Indians and even black slaves, many of whom also attended the loudness out-of-doors revival led to founding of new light warmheartednesss of higher tuition (Princeton, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Brown) * Most significant Great Awakening was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people broke down sectional boundaries/ denominational liens contributed to growing sense that Americans were a single people, united by public history and shared experience Schools and Colleges * English idea was that education was a blessing reserved for the aristocratic few, not for unwashed many, lead not citizenship, males only * Colonists slowly and painfully broke out of these ancient restrictions * Puritan New England was more interested in education than any other section.Dominated by the Congregational Church, it stressed the need for Bible reading by the individual worshiper * Primary goal of clergy good Christians, not good citize ns * Education for boys flourished well-nigh from the outset in News England * This densely populated region had impressive number of graduates from English universities, especially Cambridge, the intellectual center of Englands Puritanism * New England also established primary and secondary schools * competent elementary schools also put information in the reluctant scholars of middle and southern colonies (some tax supported and others privately operated) * South in the main rich families with private tutors General atmosphere of colonial schools and colleges were grim and gloomy most emphasis was placed on religion and classical language of Latin and Greek, not experiments, reason, or independent thinking * There was severe discipline, even for children, and even indentured-servant teachers could be whipped for failures as workers * College education was regarded (at least in new England) highly important because Churches would wither if new crops of ministers were not trained to lead spiritual flocks * Many wealthy families, especially in South, sent their boys afield to British institutions * For convenience and economy, 9 local colleges were established during the colonial era small student enrollments (200 boys at most), poor education, curriculum filled with pietism and dead languages * By 1750 distinct trend towards more modern subjects * meaning(a) contribution made by Ben Franklin, who played a major role in the launching of UPenn, the first American college free from denominational throw A Provincial Culture Colonial Americans were still in bondage to European tastes, especially British * The simplicity of pioneering life had not yet bred many patrons of arts * John Trumbull aspiring painter of Connecticut who was disapprove by his fathers remark that Connecticut was not capital of Greece Trumbull, like most others, was forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions * Charles Wilson Peale (GW portraits), asa dulcis West, John Singleto n Copley became famous painters but also had to go to England to complete their formulation only aboard could they find subjects who had leisure to sit for their portraits and had the money to handsomely pay * These people were Loyalists and were buried in London (sometimes) * Architecture was imported from old cosmea and modified for peculiar climatic and religious conditions of the New World * Log cabin Sweden The red-bricked Georgian style was introduced in 1720 Williamsburg, Virginia * Colonial literature was generally undistinguished, like art, for many of the same reasons * Phyllis Wheatley black poet, taken from slave to England, poetry book similar to Pope * BFrank autobiography, but mostly Poor Richards Almanac- shaped America only book that father it was the Bible * Science was also making progress not as many superstitions * BFrank only first rank scientist produced in the American colonies * big but dangerous experiments kite proven lightning was a form of electrical energy * Bifocals, Franklin stove, lighting rod condemned by some clergymen presuming God Pioneer Presses Americans were generally too poor to buy books and too busy to read them * There were some private libraries, especially with Byrd family and the clergy * BFrank established the first privately supported circulating library in America in Philadelphia * By 1776 there were about 50 public libraries and collections supported by subscription * Hand operated imprint presses brought out pamphlets, journals, leaflets, etc * 40 colonial publishers by the time of the Revolution * They were mostly made of somber essays with news that was delayed to be printed but colonists were extremely interested to hear about * Newspapers were powerful source of airing colonial grievances and rallying opposition to British ascertain * A celebrated legal case in 1734-1735 involvedJohn Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer. He was charged with printing topics that assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York (libel).Despite the ambitions of the royal chief justice, the jury voted him not guilty to the surprise of the strain and many people. This paved the way for exemption of the press. The Great Game of government * The thirteen colonial governments took a variety of forms * Eight had royal governors ordained by the king * Three- Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware- were under proprietors who themselves chose the governors * Two- Connecticut and Rhode Island- elected their own governors under self-governing characters * Nearly every colony used a two house legislative body. The upper house, or council, was appointed by the crown in the royal colonies and the proprietor in the proprietary colonies.It was chosen by voters in the self-governing colonies * The lower house, as the popular branch, was elected by the people- those who owned enough property to be qualified as voters * Backcountry was underrepresented and they hated the colonial cliques almost as much as kingly aut hority * Legislatress (direct way) voted such taxes as they deemed necessary for the expenses of the colonial government * This self-taxation through representation was a precious privilege Americans prized above all else * Governors appointed by king were generally bale men, sometimes outstanding figures, but some were incompetent/ corrupt and just wondering(a)ly in need of jobs * clear up of this group was impoverished Lord Cornbury made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702. He was a drunkard, a spendthrift, and a bad person. Even the best appointees had troubles with colonial legislatures because the royal governor embodied a bothersome transatlantic authority 3000 miles away * Ways colonial assemblies maintain their authority and independence employed the trick of withholding governors salary until he yielded to their wishes (since he was normally in need of money) * The London government was guilty of poor administration (left colonial governor to the mildness of th e legislature) * They sh0oudl have arranged for his independent pay instead of from these stir sources bickering is persistent spirit of revolt * Local level administration also varied * County government remained the rule in South New England town meeting government predominated- direct democracy because of disperse discussion/ open voting * Religious/ property qualifications required for voting/ even stiffer qualifications for function holding * Privileged upper-class wouldnt grant right to everyone * ? bighearted white males, but gaining the property wasnt that hard so there were a lot of opportunities to become voters * Not many eligible in sureity voted left it up to their better leaders (actually corrupt losers) * Middle colonies limiting of the two * 1775 not yet a true democracy, but much more democratic than anything in Europe/ Britain * There some democratic ideas planted seeds for later years Colonial Folkways Life in colonies was pitiful and tedious (labor was heavy and constant) * Americans had most bountiful diet, food was plentiful, but vulgar and monotonous diet * Americans had/ ate more meat than anyone in the hoary World * Obviously they didnt have heat in Churches, poorly heated homes with inefficient fireplaces, no running water, plumbing or bathtubs, not much garbage disposal * Candles/ whale-oil lamps used for illumination * Amusement * chased when time/ custom permitted * Militia periodically assembled for musters (with lots of flirting and purpose involved) * Several days of drilling- musters * North winter sports * South cards. Horse racing, cockfighting, and make hunts * Non-puritanical south dancing * GW could ride well and dance well * Lotteries were canonical even by clergy * Stage plays- popular for south but frowned upon by Quakers/ Puritans * New England clergy saw plays as immoral they preferred religious lectures * Holidays * celebrated everywhere in the American colonies New England frowned upon Christmas * Th anksgiving- widespread giving thank to God * By mid-18th century, Britains some(prenominal) North American colonies revealed some striking similarities * Basically English in language and custom, Protestant in religion * Other people and faiths colonies gave some degree of ethic/ religious toleration * Lots of opportunities for social mobility * All possessed some musical rhythm of self-government (but not complete democracy) * Improving communication and transportation * Self- rule was most important similarity * All separated by consummate ocean from Britain led to struggle to unite for independence Chapter 6 As the 17th was ending, contest began for mastery of North American continent involving 3 Old Worlds (Britain, France, and Spain) and involved Native Americans as well * 1688- 1763 4 bitter wars in Europe (world wars) * Fought for control in Europe and New World and fought in both places * Americans could not stay out of it good thing because one of the wars (Seven Years war aka French and Indian War by America) set the stage for Americas independence France Finds a terms in Canada * Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in New World real estate, basically for same reasons had foreign wars in 1500s and domestic strife (clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots) * St. Bartholomews Day lots of people killed * In 1598, theEdict of Nanteswas issued by the crown of France.It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics new century France became mightiest and most feared in Europe, led by brilliant leaders and vainglorious King Louis XIV * Reigned for less than 2 years surrounded by seem court and mistresses * Also took deep interest in colonies * In1608, France establishedQuebec (by St. Lawrence River). The leading figure wasSamuel de Champlain,an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership pull in him the title Father of New France. * Champlain entered into friendly relations with the close Huron Indians and joined them in strifes against their foes (Iroquois of upper NY area) * Two fights with them and Iroquois were dead scared France earned permanent enmity with Iroquois * Stopped French from getting into Ohio Valley pillaged French settlements/ served as British allies * The government of New France (Canada) was under direct control of the king after muchos companies had failed royal almost only autocratic regimedid not elect any representative assemblies or have right to trial by jury like those in English colonies * Population in Catholic New France grew lethargically (Landowning French peasants didnt want to move and Protestant Huguenots could not for religious reasons) * French government preferred Caribbean islands (sugar and rum) over cold wintery Canada New France Sets fall out * New Frances one valuable resource beaver modal value hats (warm and opulent) * French fur trappers couriers de bois (run ners of the woods) who ranged over woods/ waterways of North America for beaver * Also runners of risks * Two-fisted drinkers, free spenders, free livers and lovers * Named a lot (Baton Rouge, Des Moines, etc) * French voyageurs recruited Indians into fur business * Fur trade had drawbacks Indians recruited got the white diseases and hated their alcoholic drink * Slaughtering mass beavers violated some NA religious beliefs and destroyed some Indians way of life * French and Indian trappers traveled amazing distances almost extinguished beaver population, causing bad ecological damage * French Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to dispense with them from the fur trappers * Some were killed by Indians for doing so * Some made converts, but also had vital roles as explorers and geographers * Others sought not souls nor fur but empire * Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in1701to thwart English settlers pus hing into the Ohio Valley * Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana in honor of king done to check Spanish penetration into the gulf * Dreamed of empire and brought colonizing ships, but ended up killed by mutiny * In devote to ontinue their efforts to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississippi and Louisiana most important-New siege of Orleansin1718. * This outpost also rapped fur trade * Fertile Illinois had French forts established there and became Frances garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there The Clash of Empires * The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists asKing Williams War (1689-1697)and faery Annes War (1702-1713), pitted British colonists against the French couriers de bois with both sides recruiting any practical Indian allies. Primitive guerilla warfare neither side sight America was so i mportant to need a large detachments of host * Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. * Spain probed from its Florida base at SC settlements, and French Indian allies ravaged British colonial frontiers * British failed with Quebec and Montreal but victories when temporarily seized Port Royal in Acadia (present day Nova Scotia) * The wars ended in1713with peace terms signed atUtrecht proved how badly beaten France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America later involved friction over smuggling War of Jenkins Ear broke out between British and Spanish in Caribbean Sea and Georgia with James Oglethorpe fought against Spanish foe to a standstill * This small bother merged with big War of Austrian Succession in Europe (King Georges War) * France allied with Spain * New Englanders invaded New France with British fleet and spate * The War of Jenkinss Ear started in1739between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known asKing Georges War in America. It ended in1748with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders, and France still clung to vast holdings in North America