Information skills and system Essay

A trunk is a collection of devices that works in concert to archive a particular purpose. Examples include transport musical arrangement, school system, digestive system and so on A system stooge be represented as side furrowInput contribution to processing of system reckon commanding processing material bodying blockProcessing trans induceing infix to output stock where content can be put away and retrieved for later affair. fruit the outcome of this systemAn information system is a system that accepts info (raw material) as input and information (organised entropy) as output. Examples include a computer, searchable databases and so on An information system is orientn belowPurpose The wont and function of the system training process The process of converting data into informationParticipants All people who argon involved in the systemInformation technology The equipment and educational activity use. data and information Data, the input (raw material), and information, the output (processed data).The information process compendium gathering of data from real world. Eg entering details Organising preparing data for the use of different processes. Eg arranging data into tables Analysing converting data into useful information, usu onlyy more digestible. Eg creating a graph from tables of data conservation and retrieving storing data/information for later uses. Eg saving document onto hard drive. Processing making change in data/information, including updating, correction of error etc. eg spell check transmit and receiving exchanging data/information with other information systems, near of remote. Eg internet, e-mailing Displaying presentation of information. commonly user-friendly, easy to understand. Eg projecting graph onto screendigital representation of dataAll data is in a central process unit is processed as electrical currents. Data is usually converted into binary program program decimals, consisting only 1 or 0, where 1 represents on and 0 represents false. Different data types ar converted oppositely, and this will be discussed in tools for organising later.Binary digitsDecimalBinaryEach digit in a binary decimal can only be 1 or 0. To convert from decimal x to binary divide x by highest possible power of 2, then divide left over by highest possible power of 2, repeat until 1 or 0 is left. Eg 25 = 24 x 1 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 0 + 20 x 1 thitherfore 25 decimal = 11001 in binary. To convert binary into decimal you do the reverse. Eg 101011 in decimal is 25 x 1 + 24 x 0 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 1 + 20 x 1 = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 43ASCII code systemThe ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) system uses binary decimals to represent various characters. Each digit takes up remembering of 1 bit it takes 8 digits i.e. 8 bits i.e. 1byte to form a character. 1024bytes (210 bytes) = 1KB 1024KB (220 bytes) = 1MB 1024MB (230 bytes) = 1GB etc different combinations of a ny 8 bit forms a character. ASCII includes most if not all symbols, including intangible ones eg Del, Space etcHexadecimalsHexadecimal is used in computing when there argon too many digits for binary decimal. Eg 255 have 8 digits in binary but only 2 in hex. It is used for macroscopic value numbers such as in the case of hypertext markup language colour panels.Hexadecimals atomic number 18 16 digit based 10 15 is replaced with A F respectively. To convert decimal to hexadecimal or hexadecimal to decimal uses the same method as binary conversion, but 16 based.Eg converting 1980 into hexadecimal1980 = 162 x 7 + 161 x 11 + 160 x 12Therefore 1980 in hexadecimal is 7BCEg converting 15FA into decimal163 x 1 + 162 x 5 + 161 x 15 + 160 x 10= 4096 + 1280 + 240 + 10= 5626Therefore 15FA in decimal is 5626.Social and Ethical issues health of human body can be affect through use of information systems. The direct of human body and technology is referred as ergonomics. The following are a few health problems the can arise form the use of information systemTools for information process CollectingThe hive away process involves deciding what to collect, where to collect form and how to collect.Hardware for collecting different dataText keyboard, text scanner, voice recognition song parapet code use upers, data loggers, keyboardImages scanner, web camVideo image recorders, digital cameras audio recording micro-phone,Software for collecting different dataText Microsoft jointNumbers Microsoft excelImages scanner computer softwareVideo windows media playerAudio punishing recorderOrganizingText as explained before texts are converted into binary decimals to be processed by other processes, e.g. demonstrationing, analysing etc. Examples of file types member document, HTML, PDFNumbers Like text, from each one numerical number can be converted into a binary number. crude file type excel, word documentImages An image is an electronic copy of a picture, p hoto, scanned document etc for uncover on screen. All images are made of pixels, which are the smallest controllable display element on most screens. There are two types of imagesBitmapped each pixel is treated individually and represents bits in memory. Their size, colour, tone etc is retentivityd and therefore takes up large amount of memory. The most common bitmapped file types are BMP (high theatrical role images), JPEG (less(prenominal) memory, lossy compression method) and GIF (maximum 256 colours for cartoons, lossless compression by less colour and smaller size).Vector end points containing information about the line (thickness, colour, gradient etc) common type of file is PNG, but not back up by early versions of internet explorer.Audio Series of sound measurements. Digital samples are created from real sound waves. The higher frequency of taking samples and the more accurate they are, the better the quality, but the larger the file. Common file types are MIDI and wave form (MP3, MP4 etc).Video A series of still images save at high speed, usually along with audio. Hugh in file size. Common file types include animated GIF, MPEG, Flash etc. data is organised using key frames, one for each image that forms a video/animation when playedAnalyzingAn instance of analyzing data is creating a chart in a spread sheet. Charts and graphs are the most popular ways of analyzing data. They show relationships, trends and comparisons at a glance. The impact (use of colours and symbols to draw attention to central data), speed (obvious) and simplicity (easily understood) made it popular. E.g. software excel, calculatorSaving and retrievingSaving and retrieving is important because it forgets edited data to be stored and edited later on. most information systems have a primary storage and a lower-ranking storage.Primary storage is used to store data/information that demand to be instantly accessible to the CPU. It uses silicon chips on the motherboard to sto re.RAM hit-or-miss access memory, where frequently used data/information and instructions are stored. When the power is cut off everything in RAM disappears. Data are accessed directly without going through other things.Cache is another example of primary storage. It has the same functions are RAM, but is temporary storage for supple access.ROM read only memory, permanent memory where instructions are stored. These instructions are not to be edited or it whitethorn distract the processing of the computer. These instructions are applied when booting the computer.Secondary storages are usually portable.Magnetic tape long thin plastic coat with thin layer of magnetized metal. Magnetic tape can store large amount of data for a cheap price and dinky space. However it uses sequential memory access, which takes a lot of meter. e.g. video tape. rock-steady for back up.Magnetic phonograph recording works the same as magnetic tape, but with a circular piece of plastic/metal. E.g. hard disk / floppy disk. Uses random memory access.Optical media uses optical maser technology to read and write on CD, CDR or CDRE. Written with high power laser to create lots of tiny holes on disk.Flash memory is erasable memory chips e.g. USB, SD card, memory stick etc.ProcessingExamples of processing software audio editing programmes, movie maker, video editorsTransmitting and receivingBuses and ports are used for transmitting and receiving. Buses are connections between CPU and other parts. Ports are sockets that allow an external device to be installed. E.g. e-mail is transmitting and receiving mails.DisplayingPrinter, monitor speakers etc. most monitors are displayed in pixels. Number of pixels on the screen can be adjusted.Planning, deigning and implementationUnderstanding the problemThis is the first stage of maturation a system. It involves identifying the problem that demand to be solved and determining the requirements of the freshly system through surveys, interviews, analysing alert system, investigation, research etc. Draw up a project plan, specifying who, what how, when consisting grant charts, schedules, data streaming diagrams, journals, plans etc.Making decisionsDetermine the feasibility (is it possible) of this vernal system, analysing potential solutions and makes a recommendation. A feasibility study shows personality of problem and overview of existing system identifying problem outline constraints (economical, cost vs. wellbeing technical, technology requirements and demands schedule, time wise organisational, fitting the goal of organization) restates aim of innovativefound system in detail analyse data collected bring up solution no change, newly system, investigate etcDesigning solutionDiagrams such as data flow diagram or system flow chart are used to show context of new system.Data flow diagram is a graphical way of showing the flow of data within the system. O process, ? external entity, ? Data storage, ? data flow. r emains flow chart shows both flow of data and logic of system. Terminals, input/output, process, database, decision, flow line.Decision trees show all possible decisions and their results.External judicial admission the appearance of new systemInternal specifications providing technical musical accompaniment to build the system, identify process required by new system, specifications for input data.Information technology application software may be available e.g. existing accounting softwares. If not then programme has to be written and meets the guide necessarily of new system.Technical specification new hardware support need or not.User documentation user manual for new system. Must be user friendly.ImplementingThis is the stage of applying the new system. There are three ways of converting to the new system Direct conversion where the new system is completely replacing the old system. Does not allow time to check that the new one works correctly, old system is erased. agree conversion the new system and old system is run at the same time to allow room for error. Phrased conversion gradual implementation of new system. Certain new ones are implemented while other old ones are still operation. Each operation is individually tested. airplane pilot conversion when a small part of the organization uses the new system. If new system fails, old is there to back it up.Training is needed to con participants to use the new system. The participants include those who are learning and those who are teaching. Who needs to be trained is decided upon their existing knowledge.Testing, evaluating and maintainingSystem needs to be tested to ensure that it runs correctly. Results are compared to expectations and initial aims. Determines if change is required. Occurs after insignificant adjustments.Evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the system to identify areas of weakness that needs to be changed.Maintaining is the modifying of system after install ation, upgrading by making minor improvements.IPT year11 exams study notes