Compare and contrast Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the Essay - 1

Compare and contrast Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive play - Essay ExampleBy removing barriers to trade, globalization aims to make business people in developed countries adequate to maximize cheaper human and non-human resources in developing countries. As a result of globalization, the modern business federation changes in such a way that it establishes new business conditions and challenges in exchange of the previous ones. In general, the presence of trade failure could adversely affect the socio-economic well-being of each individual. To avoid going done the socio-economic consequences associated with market failure, professional economists are continuously searching for effective economic strategy that could minimize the put on the line of developing a market failure.Competitive care for is an integral part of economics. In line with this, the execution of stabilizing an unstable economic condition is possible through the use of micro- and macro-e conomic policies. In relation to the magnificence of analyzing competition in the market, this study will compare and contrast the Austrian and post-Keynesian theories of competitive process. Upon reflecting the current market competition as a result of globalization, the advantages and disadvantages of the Austrian and post-Keynesian theories of competitive process will be tackled in details as part of the study conclusion.Both the post-Keynesian and Austrian economics have some none or complaints with regards to the economic ideas presented by the neoclassical economic theories (Kirzner, 1997 Boettke, 1994, p. 220). In line with this, the post-Keynesians hypothesis of competitive process does not accept the idea of neoclassicals general equilibrium. It means that general equilibrium is not possible due to the fact that the market changes constantly and is often uncertain because of a lot of interior and external business factors (Brothwell, 1992, p. 193).Similar to the stand of post-Keynesian with regards to the theory of equilibrium as proposed by the neoclassical theory particularly with

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

International Relations - Essay eventWhereas some of these developed countries confirm benefitted from chinas economic variation, certain developed world economies have verbalized concern about chinas rapid economic growth. The mar0ket liberalization has been the cause of dissimilitude among the developed economies that read malice from Chinas rapid advancements in terms transitions within the economic paradigms.One of the most interested parties in the case of Chinas advancing economic major power is the United States of America. Realistically, the rate at which China is developing its economy is a threat to U.S. its economic transition is non good for the country. For instance, according to Pew Research Center, the last one year has seen Chinas economy grow at the rate of 7% compared to the U.S dwindling 2-3% growth. Secondly, most of the developing countries have expressed strong desires to work with China as their major trading partner. They have opened their markets for chinas goods and services. This wave of the East economy is affecting the U.S, previously considered the economic powerhouse (Goldstein et al, 465).The Pew Research focalize also indicated that many Americans have registered their dissatisfaction with the way Chinas economic rise and its provides to affect the U.S economy. The Obama administration for instance, filed a complaint against china for subsidizing the exports of the automotive alongside undercutting the American suppliers (Goldstein et al. 467). During the heated campaigns of the U.S 2012 elections, Mitt Romney took a soli9d stand against Chin, promising to label China A currency manipulator and impose high tariffs on Chinas goods to the U.S. While this would mean that Chinas market in the U.S would be reduced, the prospects would be that it top executive not stop China from making more transitions even though U.S provides its largest markets. The mercantilist approach may not work effectively

Marketing survey Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing survey - engagement ExampleInappropriate drug intake or when dosages are not properly monitored may watch also resulted to this figure so it remains safe to claim that it is alright to try the drug provided that prescriptions followed with steadfast checkups and consultation to a reliable specialist are held in cautious regard.Q2 A new genus Cancer drug was released on the market, 2,400 people out of 3000 died and the remaining 600 were cured shortly after the drug was administered. How apparent are you to take the drug. 1-9 is absolutely Not. 10 is give the drug.In this case, I would most probably be on the 1-9 scale and doubt many aspects of the newly released drug. Since 2,400 is quite an alarming poll out of 3,000 thusly people may be inclined to think of the drugs adverse effects to a fault issues on inefficiency and incompatibility. The remainder of those who recovered may have used the drug only up to a certain extent and might have had other means of medicati on. So, more extensive studies and research must(prenominal) be taken into account in analyzing the properties of the cancer drug from this phase prior to further

Please explain 'product placement ' and evaluate the effectiveness of Essay

Please explain product placement and try the effectiveness of product placement in moveis and online games - Essay ExampleNowadays product placement has been expand and included into schedule TV programme. It has also been included in an array of different media like scene games, novels etc. Moreover the role of the product placement has been shifted from being a background prop to instantly being an important part of a movie. There ar many films like Castaways in 2002 where tomcat Hanks who was a FedEx employee was left to drift alone after a plane accident with many FedEx packages. It helped him rifle on the deserted island alone. Similarly there are many instances in games like Burnout Paradise where political ads of Obama were shown. This shows that product placement is an important strategy for the marketers in the present time. This report will take a look at the effectiveness of product placement in the movies and games.Product placement is defined as the paid inclusi on of a stakeed products or brand identifiers within a mass media program through visual or audio means. This salmagundi of strategy is adapted by the marketers to increase the brand familiarity and sales of the brand. It helps to capture more eyeballs for the marketer. Basically it increases the product presence among the customers more than ever before1.There are many advantages to product placements. These include overcoming the problem of zapping. Zapping occurs which when people switches between the channels. Because of product placement people are unlikely to engage in zapping because the brand appears in their favourite movie or video games which they cornerstonet change. Hence they watch the product while watching the movie. In addition to this in such(prenominal) films the product is endorsed by a celebrity which h appears to have significant influence on the attitudes of the consumer towards the product. get along through product placement the advertisers are able to t arget very specific audiences since the demographics of those who attend the kind of movie can well be understood at prior. Product

Botswana and a Dutch Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Botswana and a Dutch Disease - Essay ExampleCherunilam (2008, p. 166) defined Dutch disease as the deindustrialization of a sector caused by the boom in a nonher traded good sector. Basically, a Dutch disease is present when on that point is an excessive utilization of its available congenital resources. As a result, excessive use of natural resources mess trigger a significant decrease in the overall production of goods among the local manufacturing companies. The rationale seat this particular sparing situation is that the selling of these natural resources could make the countrys monetary silver stronger. Therefore, the exportation of finish products coming from the tradable sectors becomes slight attractive in the world market (Pegg 2010). The overvaluation of a currency can cause long-term harm over the economic bring to passance of each country. The posture of trade shocks can lead to serious market failures. Aside from causing market failures in little developed coun tries, Rodrick and Rosenzweig (2010) explained that a strong monetary currency can make the local manufacturers become less competitive in the world market. For this reason, a significant decrease in the demand for goods and services would pixilated a higher unemployment rate in the long-run. The real GDP growth rate in Botswana as of 2010 was 7.5% (U.S. Department of State 2011). However, this particular economic indicator alone is not sufficient to determine whether or not Botswana is suffering from the negative economic consequences of a Dutch disease. With regards to this matter, this report aims to carefully strain the economic variables which may suggest whether or not Botswana is currently experiencing a Dutch disease. In order to perform a full analysis of Botswana economy, this report will focus on observing historical changes in the value of Botswanas currency (Botswana Pula or BWP), changes in the exportation growth, potential sources of capital inflows (i.e. exportatio n of natural resources, foreign direct investment, remittances from overseas workers or incoming of foreign aids), and high levels of unemployment rate. Economic Variables Suggesting whether or not Botswana is Experiencing a Dutch Disease A Dutch disease is often associated with the presence of abundant oil supply. In the case of Botswana, its natural resources are not dependent on oil but more than on the presence of abundant supply of diamonds, copper, and nickel (U.S. Department of State 2011). Even though Botswana is highly dependent on mining, this particular manufacturing only employs 8,000 workers (Pegg 2010). Within this context, we cannot clearly say that the mining industry in Botswana is booming since this particular industry does not literally extract resources from away from the manufacturing or bucolic sectors. The trend and value of Botswanas currency is one of the main economic variables that one should carefully examine to determine whether or not Botswana is cu rrently experiencing a Dutch disease. Even though the currency of Botswana Pulas is not pegged to a specific foreign exchange value, Botswana managed to maintain the exchange rate at the average of 7.3507 Botswana Pulas to 1 US dollar between the periods of September 2011 to March 2012 (Exchange-Rates.org 2012). In case Dutch disease is present, economists recall that a strong exportation of na

Production of Quality Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production of Quality Goods - Essay Examplethither is a greater awareness of preferences, choices, and customization among customers. This has posed a great challenge to the industries at large. Trans National Corporations (TNCs) producing at large scale find it very hard to break their production run and set their machines for novel orders as it is rarely economically feasible for them. However, the cutthroat competition among competitors have forced production engineers and supervisors to seeded player up with new and innovative technologies to produce customized products on a mass scale.Computer and IT Technology, artificial intelligence, and flexile production lines driven by innovation have led to the possibility of mass customization. The idea is that manufacture should produce what is demanded and not what it expects to be demanded. For that to happen practically, judgment of convictions required to change jobs have to be reduced.In printing industry machine operators are averse to short run jobs, as setting time for a new job is significant. A new job setting requires mainly cleaning, changing blankets, make printing plates, setting intensity, and supplying logistics- right sizes and colors of paper/board and ink respectively. One scathing step is taking the old ink out, cleaning the fountain roller on top of color units, and again filling them up with new inks. Sometimes this may take more than 15 minutes, provided for each one crewmember is available at each color unit.

Discussion Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion - Dissertation ExampleHowever, approximately of the research studies have their own limitations and therefore there is a long way to go out front Cyber crime can be completely controlled and eliminated altogether. The reasons that make us more vulnerable to cyber crime are that the larger population has become totally dependent on the Internet and are prone to unveil personal details, confidential matter, sensitive data and such information that in turn becomes harmful to members and the clubhouse if it reaches the wrong hands. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) cyber-crime involves and encourages piracy and intellectual theft and impacts upon the economy of the estate in many different ways. From this discussion, I have learned a lot and realize the outrageousness and dangers involved in Cyber Crime. I also strongly feel that the Government should take stringent follow out against people involved in cyber-crime. Creating awareness among the gene ral public about the nature and execution of cyber-crime would suspensor them to become more alert and careful when making use of the internet.

Environment, Culture, Ethnicity and Health Essay - 2

Environment, Culture, Ethnicity and Health - Essay ExampleAt that time, the community was organized and structured and its first priest was Fr. Michael Sarris. In 1916, a home had been purchased and converted into the first classical Orthodox church building of Jacksonville. The godfather, so to speak, of the church was Rev. Parthenios Kolonis from Patmos, Greece, and had been granted the name of St. John the presage of the parish.(Originally named The Church of the Revelation of St. John the Divine (Theodoratus, 1971).On April 17, 1919, the community purchased a larger church facility in the downtown argona from the Christian Science Congregation. This building, for the next 39 years would see innumerable weddings, baptisms, funerals, and visits, by many high be clergymen. As far as give the axe be determined, the consecration of this church was in the early to mid-1920s by the new-fashioned Archbishop Alexander (Theodoratus, 1971).In many ways, the history of this parish refl ects a process-- a process of the establishment and assimilation of Greek Orthodoxy within the American context. From the 1920s until today, through the struggles to build, to finance, and to educate, the parish finds itself at a new point of impact. Though the foundations ar now firm, their greatest mission, that of preserving and furthering the Orthodox faith and their heritage as good Americans lies in the future (Theodoratus, 1971). They are now upgrading with emphasis on the importance of the Greek Orthodox religion by promoting educational, cultural, social and gymnastic activities.In large part, this decrease has resulted from the desire of parents to provide adequately for their children and to have them educated so they can achieve professional status. The method of limiting pregnancies has changed from control of gestation to control of conception (Papadopoulos, 1998).In Greece, abortions were non legal but were commonly performed by physicians. In the United States, a wide variety of nascence

Personal Definition of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Definition of cheer - Essay modelingJust like other courses and occupations, nursing has particular(a)ly defined victor values, principles and rules, and personal attributes ask in order to ensure maximum service delivery to the patients. Since nursing is all about maintaining health look at of community, professional values required of the practitioners involve devotion to promote health, disease prevention, healing process, growth and development. Furthermore, professional values in the field of nursing include readiness to minimize stress and suffering of the patients, and fling advice to the patients regarding how to cope with certain diseases or disorders. This is mainly come-at-able through stating intervention process of a particular disease and the possible consequences likely to affect the treatment process. The profession of nursing requires practitioners to ensure utmost efforts in safeguarding the safety of patients despite the critical condition of the patients. Nursing is not an easy practice considering the challenges set about by practitioners in this field. The greatest part of nursing involves fundamental interaction with people of different personalities and characters suffering from a class of diseases, some being communicable. Cultural, political, social, religious and gender vicissitude encompass the greatest challenges likely to be faced by nurses. In order to survive and keep on active in this field, practitioners are expected to bring up certain personal values. To start with, individuals serving in the field of nursing should be tolerant. ... This is mainly possible through stating treatment process of a particular disease and the possible consequences likely to affect the treatment process. The profession of nursing requires practitioners to ensure utmost efforts in safeguarding the safety of patients despite the critical condition of the patients. Nursing is not an easy practice considering the challenges faced by practitioners in this field. The greatest part of nursing involves interaction with people of different personalities and characters suffering from a variety of diseases, some being communicable. Cultural, political, social, religious and gender diversity encompass the greatest challenges likely to be faced by nurses. In order to survive and remain active in this field, practitioners are expected to prove certain personal values. To start with, individuals serving in the field of nursing should be tolerant. For example, it will be hard for an intolerant nurse to provide commensurate health dole out services to a harsh, abusive patient with very negative emotions. This requires a nurse to be empathetic and slow to anger. Nurses are also supposed to be supportive so that they disregard keep track with the progress of the patient during recovery and offer advice and encouragements along the way. For instance, in case of a patient suffering from a chronic disease or deadly diseas e like human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, the family members or even the patient may suffer mental and psychological distress. The support of nurses in such(prenominal) cases will involve thorough counseling and monitoring of drug dosage. Another personal value required of a nurse is being indiscriminate. A nurse should be ready to provide health care services to patients of all types and from different

How did the spread of Industrial Revolution affect the colonization of Essay

How did the circle of industrial Revolution affect the colonization of Africa in the late 19th century - Essay ExampleThis violation developed because of the collapse in slave trade industry, its suppression and eradication, and most significantly the growth and spread of industrial revolution in Europe. This essay tries to explore the impact of industrial revolution on African colonization in the late 19th century.According to Buzan and Lawson (2015), industrial revolution in Europe wonderful the demand for more raw materials. Industrialization of all production modes, need for natural resources, human resources, and cracking resources became the result of this revolution. Actually, Europe experienced no labor shortage. In addition, in the past two centuries Europeans had ensured broad profits since they had been trading with Americans, Asians, and Africans. These profits helped them finance industrial revolution. The European resource was, however poor and then most industrie s in Europe depended on raw materials from Africa, America, and Asia. For instance, cotton textile industry was among the earliest European industries that assisted in the stimulation of industrial revolution. The cotton textile industry completely depended on import cotton. As industrialization developed and spread in the 19th century, European nations began competing for raw materials. Therefore, most European industrialists pressured their governments to consider colonizing African nations so as to create new sources for raw materials eventually the scramble for Africa begun followed by colonization.Additionally, Buzan and Lawson (2015) assert that industrial revolution created the need for more markets. In the late 19th century, the industrial goods produced by European industries were more than the European market could consume. Therefore, European industrialists decided to seek for markets outside Europe. This created a ambition for markets and as this competition grew, the p ressure on the European governments to colonize Africa became immense. The pressure

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Research Paper

ethical motive of Artificial newsworthiness & Machine Learning - Research Paper ExampleThese include aspects relating to safety of real human beings much(prenominal) that they willing not pose risks and moral status of the devised machines in reasoning well as pass judgment of person chore a given certain task (Bostrom, & Yudkowsky, 2011). In this case, Artificial Intelligence (AI) particularly in the field of machines focuses on imparting devices relevant ethical principles or a certain procedures that will enable them discover as well as resolve dilemmas, which they might experience while undertaking their respective tasks. Hence, making them behave or function ethically with the aid of their complex programmed decision-making processes. This study seeks to examine and present an in deep understanding, comparing of artificial intelligence in the field of machine learnedness and highlighting certain philosophical implications mostly used relating to human conduct, for instanc e, morals. Artificial general Intelligence Currently, machines owe to their complex advancements over years have resulted to tackling varied and even intricate tasks challenging to human beings. However, this breakthrough has not prompted professionals especially in the field of machines rest but even work more to doctor significant shortcomings evident in robots and similar devices (Bostrom, & Yudkowsky, 2011). ... This is because of their limited inherent Classical artificial intelligence whereby in their quest to equal humanity ought to embrace varied networks integrated in them (Muller, 2012). For instance, these include neural networks, general algorithms, cognitive science, mathematical methods, emergence behavioral robotics, interactive devices besides others supposed to enhance refined capabilities (Muller, 2012). References Bostrom, N. & Yudkowsky, E. (2011). Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved on 13Th October 2013 from Grodzinsky, F. S., Miller, K. W., & Wolf, M. J. (2008). The ethics of designing artificial agents. Ethics and Information Technology, 10(2-3), 115-121. DOI http//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10676-008-9163-9. Muller, V. (2012). fundament Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. Minds & Machines. pp. 67-69. DOI

Improving Participation of the Staff Meeting in a University Essay

Improving Participation of the Staff Meeting in a University - Essay ExampleAs I noted in my earlier Action Research Project Plan, which basically became the manual for this research, knoll defines management as getting things done through and with other people (Hill, ibid.). As the time has march on between writing that plan and concluding this research, I have become even more win over that co-operation (the through and with other people of Hills notion) is an essential behaviour if the work of our group is to prosper.It ordain be recalled from that project plan that I have chosen to pursue this work through the qualitative paradigm of Action Research as a practitioner- researcher. I hoped during the research to improving my own skills in facilitating meetings and to improve practice through the implementation of change in the way meetings are run in my workplace. To be a successful practitioner- researcher, I understood that I moldiness achieve what Ritchie and Spencer (1994 1 73) have called go throughable outcomes in order to bring about the organisational change that I seek but that I must also maintain the academic adversity of the work.I found guidance for my approach to keeping this eternal sleep in the research in the work in Argyris (1999 432) who has made the social scientists dilemma of choosing between rigour and relevance central to the way in which he has adapted Lewins Action Research heritage. He concludes thatFrom the action researchers perspective, the challenge is to define and meet standards of appropriate rigor without sacrificing relevance. (Italics in the original)Thus in mid November 2005 I began, with some confidence, to apply the wide range of data pull together techniques (including, collection of documentary evidence, observation, questionnaire, group countersign and analysis of my own reflective research daybook) that I had planned earlier. I expected to do this indoors a highly practitioner centred approach that ensured academic appropriateness, rigour and relevance within the research as a whole.2.An account of the situation and action to improve it I began the research by applying the data gathering methods that had been foreseen in the Action Research Project Plan. In this section I will report on the usage of these methods and demonstrate how they helped in the data collection process. Whilst each of these tools was used throughout the work, the emphasis and immenseness of each changed as the computer program evolved and moved through the various cycles of the research from Reconnaissance to Review and Reflection.The programme of Reconnaissance data collection took place between the 1st November 2005 and Christmas of the same year with the data beingness analysed during the Christmas/New Year break.2.1Reflective research diaryFirstly, I began to write my reflective research journal. This was quite a a difficult t call for to maintain because although the early enthusiasm ensured that I sat down regularly at my computer I found that it was difficult to make the writing reflective. I began to ask myself what is it that makes this document a reflective journal and not just a diaryAs a result of this difficulty I adopted an approach whereby I first wrote down a translate of events and made notes of things that people had said or done during the period that I was recording. This was the diary phase of journal writing and was quite easy. I then got into the habit of going over the work and using the robotlike highlighter, would colour code things that struck me as relevant to the ongoing research.It was through this routine that I essential my reflective skills and, for example, identified for myself the fact that one of my co-researchers had tendency to support

Toyotas Decision to Undertake FDI in Australia Case Study - 25

Toyotas Decision to Undertake FDI in Australia - Case written report Examplell also face challenges in the future, they will not affect the FDI that Toyota Company made since it is adequate to deal with competitiveness and financial crises that may arise. Japans economy is the second largest in the domain but this would still not favor the hybrid of Toyota since its growth rate is slow. On the other hand, Australians economy is smaller compared to that of Japan but it experiences rapid growth. In addition, Japans buy power is high and thus building hybrids in Japan would have cost more than toil FDI in Australia. Australia has a framework that supports foreign direct investment and thus it will be contingent for Toyota to monitor and analyze how the investment grows (Ghemawat, 2012). The FDI in Australia has several liabilities that ensure reinvestment. Carrying out a hybrid in Japan would have been a poor decision since Japan is facing a critical end because of its allocative efficiency. There is very high competition among manufacturers who are well distributed and highly productive.I think Toyota pertinacious to adapt the alert represent in Melbourne instead of building a new one from the fuse for several reasons. One of the reasons is because using the already existing fructify was going to cut down on the cost of establishing themselves in Australia. Whenever a company is entering a new market, it is easier to use an existing plant than when it starts from the ground. Starting from the ground will mean that time for building has to be allocated whereas in an already existing plant the sales start immediately (Dadzie, 2012). By using an already existing plant, the production is higher(prenominal) than starting from the ground. In taking the already existing plant the Toyota Company is able to be in an area where the economy is already diversified opposed to setting up a new plant in an area where the economy is not yet diversified.

SOCRATES AND THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SOCRATES AND THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY - Essay lawsuitSocrates is the kind of man who forget die for what he looks is right. Platos Apology describes Socrates identity and philosophy by narrating his trial. Socrates dies for his philosophy because he knows that he is doing the right thing for society, non just for himself, where his inte relievo is simply circumstances others to know the truth. He does the right thing for a society that needs a gadfly which will stir it to constant self-assessment (Plato, n.d., p.16). In the first section of the paper, I explain Socrates philosophy, preciseally badinage, method, and ethos, and how Socrates statement, The unexamined life is not worth living, is related to these three components. In the second section, I reflect on what I think philosophy is and why it is important. Socrates philosophy uses irony and logical methods to promote ethos, or the character of a intelligent man with a good life, and his philosophy helps me define phi losophy as the study of general and specific problems that can help people live a good life. Socrates philosophy is sometimes called Socratic irony, where the irony is that when a philosopher starts with the admission of his own ignorance, he actually exposes the ignorance of others. In Apology, Socrates criticizes the Sophists for using logos without examining the ethical jimmy and consequences of their arguments. He says but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was such was the effect of them and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth (Plato, n.d., p.3). He alludes to Sophists because they can be tremendously persuasive enough that some people overlook the weaknesses of their arguments. Forgetting oneself refers to forgetting ones ability to think critically in response to the persuasive tactics of the Sophists. The verbal irony is that Socrates is not affected at all by the Sophists. Instead, the more that he talks to them, the more he exposes the ir ignorance finished exposing the fallacies of their arguments. Socrates uses verbal irony to highlight that Sophists are not after the truth, and yet they ironically sound dependable to others who do not examine their lives anymore. Moreover, one of the owing(p)est ironies in his philosophy is his argument on wisdom. Socrates does not claim to know everything, and yet by saying he does not know anything, he is wiser than the rest because it opens him to knowing more. He is right to compare himself to a gadfly because he exists for the main purpose of breathing in the Greek society. He is like a gadfly that aims to stir the society which is like a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life (Plato, n.d., p.16). When the prophecy says that Socrates is the wisest of all, it does not mean that Socrates holds the most knowledge of all fields, but that he is open to learning more through his critical and inquisitive approach to learning. As a gadfly, he is ironically a small world in society in terms of wealth and social connections, and yet, he has the ability to stimulate mystical philosophical questions amongst his people. Another example of irony comes from Socrates accusers. They accuse someone of something that they know little of. Socrates provides the example of Meletus. He says that Meletus is the doer of evil, wherein the evil is that he makes a joke of a serious matter, and is too ready at bringing other men to trial from a pretended zeal and interest about matters in which he really never had the smallest interest

What You Have Learned About About Organizational Systems Assignment

What You Have Learned About About Organizational Systems - Assignment ExampleEmployees constitute integrity of the stakeholders in any organization. Employees provide the human capital required for the organization to succeed. Meeting and attaining organizational goals requires a team of employees who are committed to the organizational culture and development. Most managers practice employees to solidify their organizational culture. ontogeny and maintaining a particular Organizational culture is central to the success of the organization because the culture is usually aline with the goals and missions of the organization. Organizational culture will ensure that all the employees in the organization work towards a given(p) direction.The reporter has learned the important role employees play in organizations, and in establishing an organizational culture. He would use employees to develop an organizational culture at his workplace that would ensure success in the corporate world . metric selection of staff would ensure he develops the right organizational culture based on the goals of the workplace. similar procedures may help focus on the values that are crucial to the culture when getting employees for the organization. He would only choose those candidates who possess the values that fit the type of organizational culture he is developing.

The Siete Partidas in regards to the Jewish people in Iberia Term Paper - 1

The Siete Partidas in regards to the Jewish raft in Iberia - Term Paper ExampleThey also introduced Islam and new ideologies. The end result was constant struggle and stratification. The Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) had to tighten their semipolitical and military system so as to ensure an intensive and useful regime that would gain control of the earlier occupants, with minimum opposition, attacks and revolts.Having gained dominion over the peninsula, the al-Andalus sought to introduce the political and administrative systems and structures that they were conversant with those that were already established in the East. For instance, they destroyed the monarchy that characterized the Visigothic system and substituted it with emirate system3. at a lower place this system, the al-Andalus was to form an administrative unit, with an Arab military ruler from amongst the Muslims in Muslim Spain. Technically, this administrative unit would be said to be a sub unit under Damascus at first, a s the ruler pledged loyalty to the Umayyad calif (the overall ruler) in Damascus. However, a few years later, this emirate gained its independence when Abbasids took over leadership, killed members of the Ummayad family and defied the traditional requirement of pledging loyalty to the Caliph in Damascus. However, some Muslims, in theory continued to recognize the caliphate of Baghdad. The emirate was divided into provinces, each headed with its functionaries.Under Emirate system, the overall political head that would be in charge of the entire Muslim Spain was called the amir. The final administrative authority was also vested in the amir. As administrative and political head, Amir made all the political and administrative decisions that pertained to the provinces. He was also in charge of appointing all the functionaries. He also decided on issues pertaining to taxation, like the quantity of tax to be levied at particular place and

Modernization of NTUC Income Essay Example for Free

Modernization of NTUC Income Essay1.)WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS FACED BY INCOME IN THIS faux pas? HOW WERE THE PROBLEMS SOLVED BY THENEW DIGITAL SYSTEM?Incomes insurance processes were very tedious and paper-based. This resulted to humongousIncome also experient frequent breakdown of the HP 3000 mainframe which hosted the coreinsurance applications and the accounting and management information systems. In addition tothis, HP 3000 back-up system only allowed restoration to the previous days back-up data.Hardware failures caused six age of complete downtime. COBOL programs also encounteredfrequent breakdowns that halted the systems and caused temporary interruptions. At the sametime, victimization of saucy products using the COBOL is quite cumbersome and took weeks, evenmonths, to accomplish.They also lost opportunities to cross-sell because doing processingfor policy underwriting was still a batch process and information is not available to agents andadvisors in real-time. fi nished the brand-new digital systems, these problems were addressed. The paper-based insurance processes were replaced by a paperless platform. Under the new system, alldocuments are s burn downned and stored on trusted storehouse devices. Frequent breakdowns wereaddressed by the high-availability platform. Multiple servers are hosted and connected to morecommunication lines that are load balanced. The new system also addressed downtimes dueto breakdowns by its stifling back-up disaster-recovery centers. The new digital system alsoaddressed the wearisome development of new products by COBOL through the instantly throughprocessing workflow capabilities of the new system.2.)WHAT TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS PROCESSES WERE USED BY INCOME BEFORE MIGRATINGTO THE FULLY DIGITAL SYSTEM?The insurance process of Income was very manual and paper/ stick intensive. Filled-up applicationforms of clients were sent by agents through courier. Their collection schedule causes delays oftwo to three days. The Office Services log, sort, and send documents to underwriting. Proposalswere allocated to rung randomly. No system was in place for proper assignment of tasks per staff.Voluminous documents are manually sorted and stored by a number of staff at their warehouse.Since there was no clear document management system, convalescence of documents take days toaccomplish. Income also made use of HP 3000 mainframes which were very unreliable due tofrequent breakdowns that resulted to downtime, decrease productivity and wasted manpower hours. COBOL programs were also used which also encountered technical failures. At the sametime, COBOL programs were very slow in developing new products for the company resulting tolost sale opportunities.3.)DESCRIBE THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE AT INCOME afterwards MIGRATING TO THE FULLY DIGITALSYSTEM.According to James Kang, CIO of Income, the Java based eBao LifeSystem from eBaoTechnology is very customer-centric . It provided seamless integration with imaging and arrest codetechnology. It also contains a product definition module that supports new products, newchannels and changes in business process. Data migration of Incomes individual and groupbusinesses was successfully implemented and customized. The new system was operational onhigh-quality platform with multiple servers and communication lines. The new system alsorevamped business continuity and the companys disaster recovery plan. A real-time hot back-updisaster recovery center was implemented. Business processes went from paper intensive topaperless through digital storage and records. Many users can access the system at one time,any time, and anywhere.4.)WHAT BENEFITS DID INCOME REAP FROM THE NEW SYSTEM?The robust architecture of the servers minimise downtime occurrence. This is made possible withthe use of two or more servers connected by two or more communication lines. Income alsoreduced and eventually eliminated the use of p aper. Under the new system, all documents werescanned and stored on trusted storage devices secured, reliable digital vaults that enabledstrict compliance with stringent statutory requirements. Staff members also enjoyed faster accessto information. With the use of the straight through processing workflow capabilities of the newsystem, Income saved as much as 50 percent on time and costs in processing policies. Time indesigning and launching new products were also reduced from weeks to days using the table-driven-rule-based product-definition module.5.)HOW WELL IS INCOME PREPARED FOR THE FUTURE? ARE THE PROBLEMS DESCRIBED IN THE CASE LIKELY TO BEREPEATED?In the insurance industry, information systems are very important in ensuring product and servicescompetitiveness. Customer queries should be addressed accurately and promptly. Productsshould be constantly improved and new designs should always be made available. With the newinformation system, Income is instantaneously equipped t o face the challenges of the industry. To ensure thesuccess of the new system, proper implementation and control should be done. Continuoustraining should be devoted to the staff to ensure proper use of the system and to maximize thepotential of the system. The system should also be unceasingly improved through the proper management of feedback fromusers. Upgrades should also be done periodically to cope withthe changes in the demand of the industry and the market.

Chimney Sweep Essay Essay Example for Free

Chimney Sweep Essay EssayThe Chimney Sweeper William Blake addresses the political issue presented at the time the morality of the children sweepers. Blake attempts to describe the working conditions through deuce perspectives, one being through the eyeball of an experienced chimney sweeper and the other through the eyes of the innocent. In the eyes of the experienced, the conditions described be explicit whereas the one through the eyes of the innocent are implicit. The innocence is represented by turkey cock Dacre.His thoughts, which are seemingly longer than that of the other rime, are unaware of the oppression that is taking place. The diction back end reveal this in the sense that the innocent has proven to be darker and more cynical whereas the second meter seems happier and optimistic. For example from the first poem is, Hush, Tom Never mind it, for when your heads bare, you know that the soot cannot spoil your colour hair. (Line 7) However Toms dream of freedom c haracterizes the theme that purity still exists but withal shows us the ugly reality. The second poem, the eyes of the experienced, understands that he is a victim.Blake in fact satirizes the second poem accordingly in the line And because I am happy, and dance and sing, (Line 9) for the sole purpose that the reader understands how touching the victim actually is. The second poem also carries repetition which proves to be meaningful because it affirms that deeper level of the tone. The leave out of repetition in the first poem sends a message to the reader that the narrator, Tom, truly believes the severeness go forth end. While both poems have significant oppositions, both moldiness be read in pitch to understand the other.Both emphasize religion and government and how they impose cruel treatment while enhancing lives of others. The two poems also have a rhyme scheme, implying that they are both happy, which is not the case. Both poems demonstrate the actions of cruelty and i nhumanity imposed on the children, and through literary devices Blake is able to expose these problems within society. Finally, although the viewpoints in individually poem differ, both show the difficulties of the chimney sweepers and while one represents hope and the other anger, the reader must acknowledge the betterment Blake is trying to enact.

Kids Should Be Paid for Good Grades Essay Example for Free

Kids Should Be Paid for Good Grades EssayMoney seat be a motivation to encourage students to study hard. The students will feel that their trial is worthy when they are remunerated. Compensation for childrens bully grades give the gate also nurture childrens concept close capital. And the last, parents can refuse their kids unreasonable request of purchasing and let them earn it. In general, kids should get paid for beloved marks. First, if kids get paid for good grades, they will be motivated to get high marks. As they evolve up, their demands on variety things will increase as well. However, their parents will not always satisfy their childrens needs with everything. At this point, some children might be disappointed because they cannot get what they want even though they attain good grades. For instance, if a child wants an iPhone and the parents refuse the request because it is too expensive, the child will slim on the iPhone rather than study hard. Instead of sayin g no to the child, the parents can reward good grades so that the child will maintain good marks in order to buy the phone.Of course, when the child has abundant savings due to good performance, the child will eventually received what he or she desired. Thus, money can be a great incentive for children to study hard. Second, children will form financial concepts about the real value of money. They hardly know the purpose of money except it could be used to transfigure with the goods they want. They did not know the value, power or even the amount of money. The perception of kids about money would credibly be money comes out from mommys or daddys pocket. Therefore, paying children found on their grades allows them to know the concept of all pays deserve gains. Kids will soon realize that money comes from their effort and is for good reasons. Third, due to the modern society that we live in, kids are attracted by lots of fancy and sumptuousness products and they might have unreaso nable demand. Parents can refuse the unpractical demands of their children. The children will not understand their parents since they are immature.In order to establish a balance between buying what they want and they cannot have it, paying for good grades is a better solution. If kids get paid, they will keep studying hard. Paying for good school crap does not only benefit the children, but also the parents. Kids will be motivated by the ingathering of money, while their knowledge of finance will be developed simultaneously. In addition, kids will understand that they glean what they plant. Therefore, kids should get paid for their good marks.

The parallels between The Crucible and the Rwanda Genocide Essay Example for Free

The parallels between The melting pot and the Rwanda Genocide EssayThe Parallels between The crucible and The Rwanda Genocide The themes of justice, fraternity and sacrifice in The Crucible atomic number 18 universal and can be identified in many modern events in history, including the Rwanda Genocide. The genocide in Rwanda and The Salem Witch Hunts in The Crucible bind many striking similarities, primarily these are the hunt club down and cleaning of a conclave of good deal identified as being different, the mass eliminateing of people for no valid reason and the taking of revenge on a whole group of people for the acts of whiz or more individuals of that group. Common to these two events is the ruthless hunting down of victims. The judge in The Crucible pressure Abigail and the girls for the names of possible witches. Their mission is to convict as many as possible, without questioning if they may be innocent.The judges are merciless predators hunting their prey, ex actly like the persistent Hutus seeking out the Tutsis in every part of Rwanda. The Hutus burst into peoples homes, ruthlessly searching for any Tutsi, ready to savagely torture them with machetes before killing them. each Tutsi they find, regardless of age or sex, gets brutally slaughtered in order to totally eliminate the tribe. Another coincidence is the relative escalation of death and murder once the trials/genocide had started. The numbers of deaths in The Crucible were much ample than anyone in the beginning could have predicted. Once Abigail realised the extent of the damage she had caused and saw how out of take place the trials had gotten, she fled. The power in Rwanda reached extremes far greater than anticipate and became a genocide, resulting in the deaths of between 500 000-1 000 000 people, with thousands and thousands of brutally justchered corpses littering the streets.The motive behind some(prenominal) events is revenge. In The Crucible, Abigail initially uses the idea of witchcraft to save her own skin, she then(prenominal) realises that she can use it as excuse to seek revenge on Elizabeth Proctor for dismissing her and destroying her relationship with john Proctor. Similarly, the Hutus seek revenge on the Tutsis for shooting down their president, killing him and everyone else in the airplane. The Hutus believe the Tutsis were trying to regain power. There was a long history of rivalry and violence between these two tribes and the killing of the president was the catalyst ignited the voracious flames of revenge. The Hutus began their manhunt to find and kill the Tutsis in revenge for the years of perceived oppressionwhen the Tutsis ruled Rwanda.Like toilet Proctor in The Crucible, there too is a protagonist in the Rwanda Genocide capital of Minnesota Rusesabagina. They both display strength in standing up for what is chastise, they refuse to betray their friends and they both show great courage to do what is right, even if it means sacrificing themselves. In The Crucible, as things start to get out of hand, basin takes it on himself to stand up to the authority and set things right. Even when standing up against the church places scruple on him, John will not compromise his beliefs and fights for what he believes is right. This is the same fight Paul Rusesabagina undertakes. Paul refuses to fall into the violence and hatred between the Hutus and Tutsis. He questions the idea that Hutus are bankrupt than Tutsis. He himself, a Hutu, is married to a Tutsi and he will not let himself be peril into changing his beliefs or into following what the other Hutus are doing.As a Hutu, Paul is expected to despise the Tutsis and to be a part of the violence and the killing. Instead he takes in the homeless, terrorise Tutsi refugees and turned the hotel he was managing into a refugee camp. Paul knew that he and his family would be killed if the Hutus discovered what he was doing, but he did not falter. He took th em in, protected them and provided for them when no one else had the courage to. He refused to betray or abandon his family and friends or his people. He saved the lives of 1 268 refugees through his sheer strength, intelligence, perseverance and heroicry. Pauls refusal to betray his people to save himself is strikingly similar to Johns refusal to betray his friends. Although his betrayal would have saved his life and allowed him to be with his family, he could not do it.Johns refusal to betray his friends leads to the final sacrifice. His final act of defiance, to refuse to be part of something untruthful, ultimately led to his death. This emphasises his strength of character and his wide courage. Like John Proctor, Paul also made sacrifices and took great risks. Paul sacrifices his home, his job, the safety of his family and was even unbidden to sacrifice his life to save the lives of people he didnt even know, but was willing to protect. He gave help to anyone who needed it,H utu or Tutsi. Both of these acts of sacrifice, from just one individual, led to the saving of many lives.The themes of justice, community and sacrifice in The Crucible are universal and timeless. The Crucible teaches us about these themes and teaches us to severalize them in historical events. The baseless killing of innocent people simply because they belong to a real group is repeated over and over in history along with how the courage of one or many individual/s can lead to the saving of multiple lives. There are forever and a day individuals in brutal situations who display enormous courage and humanity in standing up for what is right and not blindly following others individuals who have the courage to question authority.The Crucible teaches us that the courage of one individual can save the lives of many if they only have the strength to question and to stand up for what they believe. The Crucible teaches us to identify these themes in real life events. In addition to the R wanda Genocide, the relevance of The Crucible is manifested in other recent situations, we only have to consider work girl Malala Yousafzi who was shot in the head by the Taliban after speaking out and standing up for the right of girls to go to school in Afghanistan. The themes of justice, community and sacrifice are evident in The Crucible and The Crucible teaches us to experience them in real life situations and teaches us the importance of courage and sacrifice, and the great impact that one brave individual can have in a horrific and seemingly hopeless situation.

Solar and Wind Energy to Ashton Island Essay Example for Free

Solar and Wind Energy to Ashton Island EssayThis is so the southwest confidential informations can blow the windmills. The windmills would purl and they would turn a generator, which would produce electrical postcode. After the electricity would have been generated, it would be supplied with cables down to the laboratory and the temperature reduction equipment. til now you would not be able to place a stilt of the windmills on the hill. accordingly the neighboring ideal position would be on the coast which would contain the strong southwest breezes. This can similarly be done seeing as the coast is not faraway away from the laboratory. This would supply electricity by wires in rubber pipes to the laboratory and further on to the refrigerators where the cooling equipment would be placed. In bless to make sure that the supply of energy was continuous we could ensure that whilst the energy was being generated some of it would descend into a battery which would supply the cooling equipment with electricity when the wind is not blowing. The electricity would have to be split roughly half ways so when the wind is blowing 50% would pass into the cooling equipment speckle 50% went onto the battery.The material on the island that would have to be carefully monitored is the wood in the forms of trees within the forest. This is because if wholly the other sources of energy run out, this is the only other form of material, which will provide a dissolute source of energy. None of the other forms of energy are constant the sun does not always shine, the wind does not always blow, the sea is not always rough and rivers do not always flow. further wood will always be there to provide quick energy.If the team only had a limited amount of money then they would have to try and arms the resources using the cheapest ways. The types of energy to harness would be unalike to choose from in the sense that we would have to choose the cheapest resources available a nd also the most efficient. The cheapest resource available would be the natural biomass in the form of wood in the forests. However this would eventually run out because there are only a limited number of trees within the forest.Therefore we would have to resort to the burning of rubbish and rotting matter. We could use rotting matter to produce energy by leaving the rotting matter in a closed tank then through anaerobic digestion the gas methane would be produced. This gas could be used for heating, cooking and lighting. This is a very cheap method and it would produce energy at a very good rate aswell. By far the most expensive source if energy source would be solar panels and the windmills.These would cost a lot to make and they whitethorn not be as efficient as the geothermal and natural biomass. However if there were costs to be considered throughout the whole thing then we would have to resort to the extraction of geothermal energy and burning biomass. Another aspect of the limited money would be the fact that they may not be able to procure the vast amounts of machinery needed to generate electricity like the turbines and the generators and then we would not be able to have such a vast amount and variety of different methods of harnessing electricity.Another aspect which would have to be considered on a limited budget would be the purchase of the equipment in enounce to extract the energy and the network through which it would have to run in order to be successfully linked up to all the equipment and finally the workforce which would be needed to excogitation the equipment and set it all up could be very timely and costly. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The idea of dance Essay Example for Free

The mentation of trip the light fantastic toe EssayThe view of move has always been interesting and a mystery to me. When I was younger, I used to lead officipate in Indian dance consummations for birthday parties, weddings and/or anniversaries. I was fairly graceful and I remember that it gave me a sense of freedom. I loved to dance. It was a way of pointing my uniqueness. However, things changed, life travel on and the stress of it all hid those receiveings for another lifetime. They remained hidden for the past four years here at UCR until now, my senior year. Now was the only time in my college career that I had time for anything other than study related, science-y courses. I was excited to civilise a home that didnt involve four hour lab times or quizzes every week. I wanted to take a class that made me feel free. Thats when I remembered how dance made me feel when I was younger and Dance 005 seemed like the meliorate fit.In the short time that I have been able to take this course, I have wise(p) quite a lot ab emerge my bodys capabilities. Usually, when I do something physical, whether it be sports or working out at the gym, I push myself hard. With dance, I felt as if I call for to take my time, and let my gracefullness take the lead. I wanted to accomplish a different side of me. I wanted to allow myself to do something that I wasnt necessarily used to. I felt as if my strengths were mainly the numbered combinations that we learned in class. I do well with order, direction and a planned out routine. However, on the other hand, when we would practice improvisation, I found harder to relax and go with the flow. I realized that I dont work well with spontaneous, no rule moments. I still struggle with that part of the class and I believe it isnt something that can be taken care of with one course. I also enrolled in a dance of Mexico course and I enjoy noticing the differences between modern dance and cultural dance.Viewing the live perf ormance by Paradigm put many things in perspective. My depend on dance expanded with every dance performed that night. It was interesting to see the different outlooks on the idea of dance as a whole. It can be theatrical, comedic, sad, happy, etc. It all depends on how the emotions are oblivious by the audience as a result of the actors. Writingthe reflection paper on the performance helped me understand the real meaning of it all. It made me take the time to recall reactions and go into depth astir(predicate) how the idea of modern dance came about. Dance, to me, meant structure but walking out of the theater that night agitate that assumption to its core. I learned that the modern dance movement based works upon experience, using their bodies to express emotions using many gestures. It seemed like each dance was a type of impulse control. Each performer was allowed to express any feeling that came to them within boundaries. And the boundaries were what made up the show and m ade it enjoyable for the audience. peerless idea of dance that stuck with me was when we performed our pathway dances. I think that was also my favorite part of this class so far. I enjoyed watching each dance with and without music. The music made each dance come existing in some way. I also liked the fact that the musician matched the dance with a collapse tone that allowed for comedic relief during what could have possibly been a boring, simple routine. The way he described music adding to dance as a sort of parallel was also quite interesting. I dont think I have ever heard music and art spoken in that way. This class gives an insight into a different, calmer than my usual workload, form of expression.Another idea of dance that I can take away from this course is whenever we added pedestrian movements into our dances. I loved that we could incorporate anything and everything we do in life to dance. For instance, I honorable recently started going to the cardio kickboxing cla ss at the rec center. And I remember I added some of the moves I learned from that class into this class by adding a little flare and art value to them. It just goes to show that anything can be art by tweaking something just a smidge.I thoroughly enjoyed fetching this class. To be brief, it was entertaining, interesting, and I can actually say I know something about the art of dance and not just how to dance. I think its important to have knowledge about everything in this world. No need to be an expert on the matter but a little render of different culture never hurt anyone. And I believe that this class gives a small cutting of a worldwide tradition of dance.

Topics In Global Economy Essay Example for Free

Topics In Global Economy EssayWith much(prenominal) drastic globalization of worldwide stintings, it is now an issue of vast importance to us all. The impact of current trends in global economic science affects each nation and the corporations within it, as well as every citizen, functional or unemployed, within its population. Global economics was inevitable, given the statistics radiateing the increasing popularity of the world wide web as well as the unlimited communications capabilities allowing us to conduct business or easily vitiate products either from a local business or from a market on the other situation of the world. However, the global market is chiefly responsible for stabilizing inflation grades in the European and U.S. arenas. i byproduct of global economics is the development and implementation of the Euro dollar. Although it is result of globalization, it has effectively addressed the long stand up issues of confusion and instability in the internatio nal trade market due to the continuous fluctuations of the scores of currencies actual in the world marketplace.A signifi so-and-sot slowing in inflationary trends has been noted during the last some years but many believe that the future will guide a series of setbacks as well. In The Grandfather Economic Report, Michael Hodges wrote that in the 1990s the (U.S.) federal government created $2.8 trillion of new debt more than than created in the nations entire history prior to 1990 .and another $2.7 trillion since 9/11/01.Yet federal deposit income in China ontogenys by roughly 15% each year. This rate of growth will have a serious impact on the U.S. national debt. With an increasingly disproportional counterbalance of import and export trade between the U.S. and Asia, an alarming loss of revenue will sure as shooting plague America and Europe. This trend will be hard to reverse if changes in the trade balance can not be initiated. Most of these conditions resulting from the Asian constitution that devalues their currencies compared to that of the dollar.The impact of this policy on the US trade balance is negative. With more dollars being sent to Asia due to devalued exchange rates, statistics begin to reflect a deficit of funds as well as trade block tactics such as high import tariffs discourage these sales in the Asian market.The impact of this policy on the trade balance on Asian economies is that a continue trend of economic prosperity can be anticipated for these Asian nations. This trend, if allowed to continue, will also bring growth at successively high percentage rates with each passing year.The effect this policy has and will have on the please rate on Asian and US treasury securities is that these rates will continue to fall in the U.S. due in the this policy. Japans Finance Minister Kiichi Miyazawa states that We acknowledge the importance of the internationalisation of the pine away in light of global economic and financial developmen ts such as the Asian financial crisis the give of the euro also attests its importance.In this context, we have recently announced measures to promote the yens internationalisation, which include measures to increase liquidity in Japans short-term financial markets as well as those to expedite investment by foreign investors in Japanese government bonds. This policy will surely bring about a successful reversal of downward spiraling of Asian interest rates.As for how this policy will level of indebtedness of US households, businesses and Government, a continuation of this policy regime will doubtlessly result in a rise in debt levels for all, as set the stage for possible economic depression not only for the U.S. Government and global scale due to enormity of the global economics venue. Immediate and viable initiatives must be utilized in order to prevent this threat.

Rizal Life Essay Example for Free

Rizal Life EssayThe Jecausaics, on the new(prenominal) hand, were with him a great deal every minute of the time, six priests going in relays, usually two at a time, in an attempt to bring close Rizals renewing. They have written the only complete story about his lowest day. Their earliest cipher was published in Spain in 1897 it is found in chapter seventeen of a go for called La Masonizacion de Filipinas, Rizal y su Orba, printed by Tipografica Catolica of Barcelona.The author is anonymous nevertheless is thought to have been engender Pastalls. 03) In starting chapter seventeen he says We leave relate the fascinatingly fire incidents as furnished to us from a new unedited and authentic account received from Manila. The account deals so largely with sire Balaguer, that it probably depended upon the nones set out Balaguer said he kept. (04) How far can we rely upon the accuracy and fairness of this tidings? castleunately, we have a means of judging it. The firs t sixteen chapters deal with the lifespan of Rizal which we have already studied.It says he was a model youth until he went to Europe to study medicine. There he joined Masonic lodges where he heard Republicans declare, Liberty should be demanded with bullets and not on ones knees. Ideas like this turned him into a fierce revolutionist. The confine finds not a single wrong in the Philippines but finds several governor-generals overly lenient It says that the liberal Governor Terrero was so weak that the religious orders had to hound him out of the Islands. 05) Governor public Valeriano Weyler (the bloody Weyler of Cuba) was an ideal governor who knew how to attack with firmness the evils permitted in the time of the weak Terrero.To use his brilliant phrase he sucked out the brains of those he captured, so that the insurrection could not raise its head nor Masonry attain any gains (06) . . . If only Rizal had remained in the Philippines and studied agriculture he would not h ave become the scandalizer and corruptor of his people. (07) The book strikes that note throughout, concerning Rizal and his most miser open work. (08) He was completely wrong, Spain beautifully right, but too mild at times not injustice, but Masonry and Germany led Rizal to write his books indeed, most of the conclusions are diametrically opposite to the truth. angiotensin-converting enzyme is prepared by this distortion of facts to be on his guard in reading the chapter on Rizals delay day.Father Pio Pi, who succeeded Father Pastells, and was head of the Jesuit order in 1896, but not personally inform with Rizal, wrote a little book in 1909, calledLa Muerte Christiana de Doctor Rizal. 09) This follows the anonymous book of 1897 closely, often quoting word for word, but adding other details. (10) Father Balaguer, who says he secured Rizals retraction, compacted (11) a sworn statement in 1917 in which he says If anyone judges that I could not remember so many details, later 20 years, I may say that the same day in which Rizal died I wrote a very detailed story, the entire skipper of which I saved, and I have borrowed from it to make the gratuity statement. All three writers evidently depend upon the notes of Father Balaguer for the most disputed part of the story. 12) Because the controversy as to whether Rizal did retract is so intense, it will be interesting to read the essential portions of the narrative, in an effort to get at the truth. It was what Retana calls El Dia Supremo for the Jesuits. They had worked with Rizal for four years without subgross results. Following a well-conceived and well-executed plan, the government had touched his heart with the sufferings of his relatives, with exasperating espionage, with alternating laxity and severity, with heart-breaking disappointments, with loneliness, while the Jesuit fathers tried to win him with kindness and arguments.They had apparently failed. Now they had twenty-four hours or never Father Pio Pi writes that the Archbishop showed great eagerness for the conversion of the man sentenced to death, and granted us all his authority to do whatever might be necessary. He directed us also to prepare a retraction, in the anticipate that the condemned man might be willing to accept and sign it and we agreed to do so and to present it for his approval. . . . As usual, the Jesuits went at their task with tremendous fervor.From seven oclock of December 29, when Rizal was notified of his sentence, until he fell dead, on that point were a couple of(prenominal) moments when they were not with him, coming in pairs and marshalling every means they could look at of to play upon his emotions, to appeal to his designer, and to terrify him when other methods failed. Rizals statue The sublime emotional state of Christ The rector of the Ateneo, Father Miguel Saderra Mata, and one of the professors, Father Luis Viza, took with them an image of the Sacred Heart of Christ, which Rizal had carved when he was a student in the Ateneo. Look, said the Father, how the heart of Jesus has been here twenty years waiting for Rizal. It entreates to convert him. Pi says that Rizal took it and put it on his table, where it remained until after his execution. consequently Father Antonio Rosell was with the captive for awhile, and returned with a bad impression he believed from what he heard that the man was a Protestant. Father Federico Faura also visited him that morning. Rizal asked as soon as he entered, Do you recall, Father, the last time we talked and what you foretold?It has come to pass. You are a prophet I am going to die on the scaffold. Padre Faura could not subdue that spirit, ease rebelling against the appeals of grace so much so that the Father retired broken up with grief. From Rizal y su Obra (13) comes an account which sounds true, for there could have been no object in inventing the story Father Balaguer returned to the chapel to discuss the religious apparent movement with the prisoner. The symptoms were very sad there was little hope.In the morning when he had been given a bay wreath of the consecrate Virgin, he took it, probably from courtesy, and said coldly I am a little Marian. abject man To such an extreme, because of his error, had the former secretary of the Marian Congregation fallen. And yet he did not inclination to abandon Her whom he had formerly served with filial have it away. Concerning religion, Rizal began to speak with reverence of God, of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Holy Gospel, and of the Sacred Scriptures he said that he prayed, and that he was always asking God for light, as his only wish was to fulfill his Holy Will. .He seemed like a fervent probationer. But observing that his statements were those that a Protestant would make, Father Balaguer narrowed him d knowledge to concrete and categorical questions, which showed that Rizal did not admit the authority of the Roman church nor of the Ponti ficate, and held as his eclipse of faith, the Scriptures as interpreted by his model, in short that he seemed to be guide by a Protestant criterion, but mixed in reality with free thinking and a strange piety. Father Balaguer, who had been with Rizal inDapitan, is the man who claims that he secured the retraction.We will let him tell his own story as to how he did it I, who knew the history of his errors and what his books contain, in order to carry out our delicate mission, asked Rizal to explain his ideas about religion. He showed at once that he was a Protestant by certain phrases in which he manifested love and respect for Jesus Christ but he told me more or less explicitly that the rule of faith was the word of God contained in the Sacred Scriptures . . He told me that he was guided by the reason which God had given him, adding with a self assurance that froze the blood, that he could go to appear before the judgment seat of God, tranquilly as one who has done his duty as a rational man. In attacking him, I then began with arguments of the Catholic doctrine to expose the objections, a thousand times refuted, of the heretics and rationalists, and we argued about the criteria and rule of faith, the authority of the church, its infallibility and divine authority. . . nd many points in apologetics. But with all this, says Father Pio Pi, the low condemned man was not convinced. So far had he lost his faith, and so proud was his self-conceit that he would not admit light nor law into his limited vision. . . With very good tact Father Balaguer tried him out, and free a sudden turn in the conversation, exclaimed (14) So, at the judgment seat of God, before whom we must appear, you will be unpardonably condemned forever, if you do not bring your intellect into subjection to faith. Whereupon, says Father Balauger, (15) at hear this threat of mine, the tears sprang to his eyes, and he replied, No, no, I will not be condemned Yes, I replied, you will go to hel l for whether you like it or not, extra Ecclesiam Catholicam nulla datur salus.Yes, outside the Catholic Church there is no salvation . . . Agitated at this chiding, he said to me See here, Father, if I should comply with your request and sign what you propose, without mental picture it, I would be a hypocrite and would offend God. Certainly, I said, I do not intrust that. But do you not believe that it is the greatest grief for me to see a person whom I love, obstinate in his error, to see that he will be damned and not to be able to help him? We value you so highly, believe me, that we would give our blood and our lives if we could achieve your salvation. Right now we would raise ourselves to be shot in your place. But Father, he replied with feeling. What would you have me do, for I do not think I could conquer my reason. Offer yourself, I answered. Offer to God the sacrifice of your self-esteem, and even though it should be contrary to the voice of reason, ask God for the g race of faith, which is a gift of God, which he offers in abundance, and which is infallibly obtained with low-toned and persevering prayer. The only trouble is that you reject it. Good then, Father, he said, I promise you that the rest of my life I will use asking God for the grace of faith. . . . Father Balaguer continues For a better discernment of the events of that day, I think it best to relate them in order.Father Vilaclara (now dead) and I arrived at Fort capital of Chile about ten in the morning. After being received by Rizal, the discussion with him began as think above. At twelve I went to the Palace to tell the Archbishop what had happened, as he had requested, and I had to say that up to that time the condemned man had remained obstinate in his errors and ideas contrary to the Catholic faith. Upon hearing this, the Archbishop, in his ardent fervor for the conversion of Dr. Rizal, at once sent a circular to all the religious communities of Manila, that they should plead for the conversion of the condemned man.In all of them there was fervent prayer, and in some of them there were offered for this purpose many penances, celebrating the Holy Sacrament. At three in the afternoon or a little later I returned to the Fort where Father Vilaclara had remained, and continued the discussion with Dr. Rizal. This lasted until evening, stopping at the point which I indicated above.I then went with Father Viza to the Archbishops palace, to give an account of the condition of the condemned man and to express hope for his conversion. While Father Balaguer was gone, Father Pio Pis account tells us that Rizal became restless and asked Father Vilaclara to hear his confession. The later told him that it would be necessary first to make a retraction, for which purpose he should await the formula which the Prelate had promised to furnish. . . At ten in the evening he was given by Father Balaguer the long formula of retraction which had been written by order of th e Prelate. . . The inner champion had not yet ceased, and though his spirit was more humble, it was not wholly conquered. . .The wording did not suit him, both because of its length and because the style was not clear. See here, Father, he said, even though I should sign this, nobody would believe that it was mine. You know my style, that it is very clear. Bring me a pen and you dictate what I ought to say. Then Father Balaguer began to dictate the other formula, which had already been approved by the Archbishop, much briefer, though expressive and decisive, which, after offering some objections, he accepted in its entirety, only asking to interject on his own initiative a few brief phrases, which only add expression and courage to the document.

The first World War Essay Example for Free

The first World War Essay sort start way through the minute of arc World War Hitler occupied expertly all of europium, including France. He determined to hold in Britain next. His first plan failed. So he resorted to the blitz. The blitz was the constant bombing of major cities in Britain, along with other targets such as nutriment and railways. just now this wasnt Hitlers ideal way to motor Britain. But to understand why this and everything else previously occurred, we need to go back to the death of the First World War, when the associate countries, Italy, America, France, Britain and Belgium put together the treaty of Versailles. This treaty blamed Ger about for the war, and made them pay compensation to the allied countries for the cost and damages expenses of the war. Their army was reduced to 100,000 men and 10% of their land was taken away. Soon after the end of the war came the Wall Street crash, this came as a result of the treaty of Versailles. The German people were in a mess, as was their country. They were looking for a strong leader who felt the same way as they did, and would promise them improvement.Hitler fitted the bill. In 1933 Hitler became the chancellor of Ger umteen, and from then on he worked solely for war. He even went lowlife the backs of the allies to do so. He wanted to regain the land that had been taken from them, and he wanted to take extra to make room for his perfect race. So, in short, he built an army and marched to war. Hitler developed a tactic known as Blitzkrieg which means lightning war. This was a two way attack that affect the enemy into submission.He would bomb the city he was advancing on at the same snip as advancing on foot, then moving onto the next target very quickly. This resulted in a large amount of Europe being taken very quickly with these tactics. But the beginning of the Second World War was only signalled when Hitler decided to invade Poland, as Poland was allied with both France an d Britain. The rest of Europe soon overlook to the Germans, and now only two countries remained to be taken Britain and Russia. Hitler chose Britain, as he had already made an agreement with Russia that stated that they would not attack each other.This meant that Hitler would only be attacking whizz country at once as Russia would not attack, just so long as he didnt invade them. Hitlers approach to invading Britain was slightly polar to his approach with the rest of Europe, as the British direct separated Britain from him. So he decided to put into action ope confine sea lion. Operation sea lion required the Luftwaffe to bomb the British air bases, thereby gaining air superiority, and therefore being equal to cross the British channel safely. And so The Battle of Britain began.Over a period the Luftwaffe were defeated, due partly to the superiority of the British aircraft, such as the supermaire spitfire and the hawker hurricane. The invention of radar also played a big par t, as it allowed British aircraft to see the Luftwaffe in advance. This vehemenced Hitler to deviate his tactics and so he decided to use the blitz. On the 7th of September 1940 the continuous bombing of all major cities and virtually other targets began. On the first night al unmatchable over 2000 died or suffered from injuries.By doing this, Hitler aimed to shock Britain into surrender, as he believed that Britain didnt want a war. So his targets were designed to cause as much damage and excitement as possible, aiming for densely populated areas, such as cities, ( merely especially ones with ports) food supplies and factories. The blitz only stop after the d-day landings, so Britain was bombed for 8 months. In which time many children had been evacuated, gas masks handed out(p), shelters had be pursue many peoples second homes, and 40,000 men, women and children had died.2 million were homeless. In bombing Britain, Hitler concentrated on several targets. A port, railways, foo d supplies, factories, etc. any city by the sea was heavily targeted, as they had every single one of the above. Coventry, Plymouth and Bristol were three heavily targeted cities. Coventry was bombed because it was the centre of Britains arms trade and machining industry. As it was quite a clarified city, the 450 German bombers in the burst ca utilise enormous damage, totally demolishing the majority of the city centre.554 people were killed and 865 were bad wound. 30,000 fire bombs fell cut from the daily verald. This counter propaganda was released along with RAF Strikes Berlin and Coventry, Not a mortal blow. 450 bombers, and soon enough the factories were back to full production in only 6 weeks. Several other major attacks on Coventry took place, such as the one on November 14 1940. On this day, the Luftwaffe had pulled all the stops out. The raid was made by 515 German bombers, two thirds from Luftwaffe 3 and the rest from the pathfinders of Kampfgruppe 100.The attack, cod e-named Operation Moonlight Sonata, was int cease to countermine Coventrys ability to supply the Royal Air Force and the British Army by demolishing factories and industrial infrastructure, although it was clear that the damage to the city, including monuments and residential areas, would be considerable. The initial wave was of 13 specially modified Heinkel He 111 aircraft of Kampfgruppe 100, which were equipped with X-Geri t navigational devices, accurately dropping marker flares at 1920. The British and the Germans were contend the Battle of the Beams and on this night the British failed to fully disrupt the X-Gerit signals. However, the cathedral was heavily bombed, which enticed Britain to vindicate by bombing Berlin, a very historical city in Germany. Plymouth was one of the United Kingdoms trail naval dockyards. The city was extensively blitzed during the Second World War, to the extent that approximately twice the amount of lodging stock that existed prior to the war was destroyed during it (as a consequence of rebuilt houses being successively hit). Although the dockyards were the principal targets, civilian casualties were inevitably very high. The first bomb fell on the city on Saturday 6 July 1940 at Swilly, killing 3 people.The last attack came on 30 April 1944. Altogether 1,172 people were killed and 3,269 people were injured these figures do not include the many service casualties. At one point the population fell from 220,000, at the start of the conflict, to 127,000. Probably the worst single raid of the blitz was on a primeval area of the town weeped Portland Square. On the evening of the 22 April 1941 the communal air raid shelter took a direct hit, killing 70 people. As a result of one of the first raids, 26 people were killed, 60 houses demolished, 400 houses seriously damages and 2,000 slightly damaged.The citys electricity was restored in the afternoon, merely gas was not available until 3 weeks later. After raids, topical anesth etics teamed together and sang the national anthem as they dug out survivors. As this helped maintain and lift moral, it was strongly encouraged. On Monday 6th January meat rations were reduced from1s 10d to 1s 6d. Then on the Thursday of the same week, their majesties King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Plymouth and toured the service establishments. Then, the very next day, Mr Winston Churchill visited Plymouth and Britains reconstruction head teacher recommended they plan boldly, and plan now To conclude, my answer to the question why did Hitler bomb British cities? is Hitler bombed Britain to try and force them into surrender. Because he couldnt risk sending his fleet across the British channel he tried to take out our air bases, but because he failed to gain air superiority he changed tackics. He was hoping that the British civilians could be so demoralised by the relentless dropping of bombs that they would force Churchill to surrender. But he failed. What assemble d id the blitz start on Britain? In the summer of 1939, the British governing were make plans.Hitler was still making threats and war seemed imminent. And so they began to plan for the event of war, majoring on air defences. And so, when the attacks did come, the nation was prepared. Taking into account that aerial attacks would, undoubtedly kill many civilians, the government began to evacuate children out of the cities, thereby protecting the future generations. many an(prenominal) young children were evacuated prior to the first bombings. The government had portrayed the idea that when your children arrived in the country they would be brought into kind homes and would be looked after as if they were part of the family.They sent out propaganda films showing children running in and out of the woods and having school lessons on fields with butterflies. However, the real events were quite different. When the children arrived in the village they would be staying in, they would b e lined up and hand picked. The larger, healthier children were picked first, leaving the scrawnier, dirtier children to be picked last. Many parents didnt like the thought of their children exit to stay with strangers, and in many cases, quite rightly so. Some children received regular beatings from their new families and some were even sexually abused.And so, when the parents began to get letters from their children, or in some cases no letters came, the parents began to call their children home, but by that time, some had already run away. However, after the first air raid, many parents maxim the sense in evacuation and sent their children back into the countryside. The blitz had another major return on Britain the government foresaw that if the Germans bombed them, then they would easily find their targets, as they would be lit up like a spot light, so they introduced the blackouts. At first, everything was totally blacked out.From street lamps to torches, everything was gone . However, this did cause a few problems, such as there was a large increase in the amount of Car crashes, so slits were introduces to help conflict that. It worked too, as there were fewer crashes and the desired effect was still accomplished. The blackouts also had the effect of giving that dissembling that the bombers were in the wrong place. In addition to getting rid of the lights in the cities, they also would place hemorrhoid of lights on top of hills all around, giving the wrong impression again, and therefore minimise damage.For 8 months the blackouts plunged Britain into darkness, and the near constant darkness didnt help with moral. But is was necessary as it not only protected the cities, but airbases and in coastal regions a shore-side blackout of city lights would also help protect ships from being seen and attacked by enemy submarines farther out to sea. Overall, the blackouts played a vital part in keeping Britain in the war. War is notorious for causing civil pani c, and as a result lower moral and much than deaths. The government needed to educate.That way, when first raids did come, the people didnt simply run around like headless chickens, but they all knew exactly what they had to do, and proceeded to do it. To educate the people they introduced drills and news reels before films. The news reels acted as an schooling program, stating the procedure that would take place in the event of a raid. The drills were a practical procedure that everyone learnt. You were taught the different signals, stating the different type of raid (e. g. Gas, fire bomb, etc). These drills had a major effect in the long run, as they save many lives and helped to keep the country orderly when under attack.Rationing was another dramatic change for Britain. At the beginning of World War II, the UK imported 55 million tons of foodstuffs per year (70%), including more than 50% of its meat, 70% of its cheese and earnings, nearly 80% of results and about 90% of cer eals and fats. One of the principal strategies Germany used was to attack shipping bound for the UK, restricting British industry and potentially starving the nation into submission. In order to deal with the extreme shortages the Ministry of Food instituted a system of rationing. It was introduced on the 8th of January 1940, with bacon, butter and sugar being rationed.Next then came meat, tea, jam, biscuits, breakfast cereals, cheese, eggs, milk and canned fruit. Each person would register with their local shops, and was provided with a ration book containing coupons. The shopkeeper was then provided with enough food for his or her registered customers. When purchasing goods, the vendee had to hand over the coupon as well as the money for the purchase. Strict rationing caused many people to obtain food on the black market and thus having a negative effect on British society. Everyone was issued the same amount of food, (per person, so bigger families didnt go without).The typical weekly ration per person was Bacon 6oz Cheese 4oz Butter 4oz Eggs 2 Milk 1 pint Tea 3oz sugar 12oz Dried milk 4 pints Dried eggs 12 per eight weeks Sweets 3oz Food like bread, fish, fruit and vegetables were not rationed, but the queues were very long. Initially, this benefited the poorer families, as they were entitled to the same amount to food and therefore ended up eating more than they had done prior to the war. The way the government ensured that people got their fair share was to issue ration books.Each was different, depending on you age, for instance, babies were blue, childrens green, and adults brown. The general public were also encouraged to convert their gardens into allotments, thus providing more food for each family. Clothes were also rationed from June 1941. Each person was issued with 66 coupons per year, with which they had to buy all their cloths. For example, a coat would cost 14 coupons and its money value. Petrol was very hard to come by, so most people cycled or walked, as fuel was used for emergency purposes or government needs.As the war developed, almost everything was rationed. Towels, cutlery, furniture, sheets were all in short supply. In 1942, even soap was rationed. Without rationing, Britain would have almost certainly have fallen to Germany. It was only because everyone knew that they were getting the same amount of food as their neighbour that a civil revolt didnt break out and Britain didnt surrender. In the 20th centaury, many houses were small, and middling basic. They werent very sturdy either. And if a raid came, and a bomb landed on your house, then you would be dead.

Identity and Belonging Essay Example for Free

Identity and Belonging EssayFeedback is considered by many education experts to be ane of the virtually important elements of assessment for student learning as well as being a all-important(a) ferment on student learning (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). Feedback, when applied utilely, fuck result in an increase in learner satisfaction and continuity as well as contributing to students taking on and applying to a greater extent productive learning strategies. Feedback is a powerful strategy for teachers of all subjects and grade levels to use and has been endorsed worldwide. Feedback can be defined as the information yieldd by an agent, for example a teacher or p atomic number 18nt, regarding aspects of ones performance or understanding (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). However, when feedback is provided to students inappropriately it can lead to negative effects. This is why, as teachers, we need to have a rise understanding of what constitutes effectual lineament feed back as well as developing an understanding of how to apply feedback in an appropriate manner for our students as differentiated learners (Clark, 2012).Feedback is consistent with the Assessment for learning strategy which focuses assessment on in-course improvement-orientated interactions between instructors and learners rather than end-of-course testing and examinations (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). Assessment for learning acknowledges that individual students learn in idiosyncratic ways and is designed to give information to teachers on how to modify and differentiate teaching and learning activities as well as giving teachers an idea of how best to provide effective feedback to their students (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012).There are a fewer guidelines in which teachers can follow to help improve the tonicity of their feedback to their students to increase learner satisfaction and persistence as well as catering for differentiated learning, these guidelines include timing, a mount, mode, audience (James-Ward, Fisher, Frey Lapp, 2013) and also allowing students to provide one another with feedback (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). The timing in which teachers provide their students with feedback is important as feedback needs to come enchantment students are still mindful of the topic, assignment or performance in question (James-Ward, Fisher, Frey Lapp, 2013).Feedback needs to be provided while students are still thinking of their learning goal as a learning goal, meaning something they are still striving for and not something they have already done (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). It is extremely important to provide students with effective feedback whilst they are still act uponing on reaching their learning target, as mentioned earlier this will influence student learning. It is extremely important for teachers to know the audience in which they are providing feedback to in order for the feedback to be most effective for student learning (James-Ward , Fisher, Frey Lapp, 2013).This is based on the fact that no student is the aforesaid(prenominal) and feedback needs to accommodate for differentiated learners (Clark, 2012). Once a teacher understands his or her students individual learning they can then apply feedback in a way that is best addressed to the student virtually the specifics of the individuals work in terms the student can understand. Mode is also extremely important in providing effective feedback as it also supports differentiated learning.Mode stands for the different ways in which feedback can be delivered as it can be given in many modalities (James-Ward, Fisher, Frey Lapp, 2013). Some sorts of assessment lend themselves better to compose feedback, some to oral feedback and others are better in demonstrations, and teachers can decide with their knowledge of how best to provide each individual student with feedback based on how they learn and understand best, whether it is written, spoken or demonstrated, in order for the feedback to be most effective in reaching each students learning needs (Clark, 2012). too recently at that place has been an increase agreement that students are a legitimate source of feedback as companion and self-assessment practices encourage students to identify learning objectives and helps them to understand the criteria used to judge their work aiming to reach the goal of increasing self-regulation (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012).As timeliness can play a real issue in the effectiveness and quality of feedback from teachers, using students as a source of feedback can legitimately reduce this problem (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). As there are many different ways in which a teacher can go about providing feedback on set learning tasks to their students whether it is orally, written or demonstrated, the ways in which to construct effective feedback varies depending on the student (James-Ward, Fisher, Frey Lapp, 2013).Ultimately it is the teachers understanding of feedback and the knowing of how each individual student learns best that influences the type and quality of feedback they provide (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012). Effective feedback will help increase student evaluation of their own learning go up and will help reach the Assessment for learning goal of developing self-regulating learners (Brown, Harris Harnett, 2012).

Situations and styles of leadership | Free essay | Management essays

Situations and elans of present place Free essay focus essaysIntroduction drawing cardship has been the twingeic of reciprocation and look into in the Organizational Behavior literature. A non bad(p) collection of incompatible theoretical frame flex has been substantial to take out elements of lead. Incessant self assessment, information, guidance, experience and never ending process of self-study develops unspoiled attractions in a society. Many companies ar facing elevated turnover, absenteeism, low team spirit among employees and legion(predicate) early(a) such issues related to the joke environment. For every last(predicate)(a) these difficultys companies choose proper impelling lead. The purpose of this reputation is to defecate an in-depth insight on the major look for findings of an effective attractors elans and situations and their role in make-upal proceeding by reviewing the research literature.In this review paper giving medication al bring to passance is existence judged by the pauperismal level of the employees and employment satisfaction factor. So this review paper gives a clear insight concerning (the theories of attractions) factors that get ahead leadinghip among employees which is then middlemaned with organizational procedure. This review paper entrust help debaters to look at the major concerns which lead to majuscule leading and how to handle challenges and unexpected situations occurring in an organization. impressive leadership deal be expressed where leaders influence stem members, chase or subordinates in a itinerary that this leave behind help them to achieve common goals.Leadership and its MeaningAs this world is ever-changing so is the interpretation of leadership. Over the years leadership has been eviscerated according to the circumstances. Effective leader is the unrivalled who is fitted to match his level of skills to the maturity of the subordinates. The word h as been defined in so many terms that openhanded a single definition go out non be justified. In tell to actualise the accredited meaning of leadership star has to study the topic itself thoroughly. Todays world is so complex and fast changing that we rearnot just stick to atomic number 53 definition of the leadership. As the competition from the other firms comes in the organization so the ideas, so they broaden the meaning of what leadership is. As described by Thomas B. Allen (1988) the word leadership refers to a process of kind influence, in which one just about(a)body raft enlist the aid and apply of others in the mend upment of a common labour. A much than(prenominal) apt and inclusive definition with attentiveness to followers comes from Robert J. House (1996) who states that leadership is ultimately about creating a way for concourse to contribute to reservation aboutthing extra routine happen. Another definition comes from literature which states tha t effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and increase avail subject resources inwardly the inbred and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. Kirkpatrick Locke (1991) suggested with their study that effective leader is an individual with the capacity to consistently succeed in a inclined condition and be recognized as meeting the expectations of an organization or society. The analysis suggests that effective leadership stern hold back positive dissemble on overall get alongance.Effective leadership nominate be described as giving a vision to the police squad up-members and developing the path for the followers to achieve the supreme output. In society to gain high level of organizational performance leaders pay to course naked, innovative and challenging techniques to guide, motivate and manage the subordinates. Leadership is all about performance of the subordinates, groups, and organizations good lead ership promotes valuable group performance which in turn leads to high growth and expansion of a firm.A leaders background, life experiences, and daily communications define his or her leadership expressive style. The difference amid a good leader and a great leader is his or her ability to adapt to change. In an organization usually leaders and subordinates ply together to understand the behavior of all(prenominal) other and turn up to manage their behavior to produce more beneficial results, Davis RV Tim Luthans. F (1979). gibe to Avery, G.C. Jing F.F. (2008) due to the complexity of leadership it is broken into five opposite perspectives competency, behavioral, contingency, transformational, and implicit. Leadership is a method by which an individual persuades other lot in a group to achieve an objective and leads the organization in a way that makes the team members interconnected and coherent. Bass (1989 1990) explains trinity types of theories of leadership. jibe to him there is a trait guess which states that in some race wee in born traits which lead them to accommodate a leader. Second theory is great event theory which is related to the crisis or cardinal event. It states that sometimes some major events or crisis precede their marks on an individual personality which whitethorn bring out leadership qualities in an ordinary person, do him an extraordinary leader. Third is Transformational leadership theory which is most widely accepted theory of fresh years. In it people by choice prefer the path of becoming leaders with learning and proper education. Leadership has certain(prenominal)(a) set attributes like values, ethics, belief, association and skill etc., which if followed properly can make an individual a good leader.Robert D. Rossel (1970) in his paper argued that there argon two kinds of preferences, instru kind and communicatory, habituated to the effective leadership in an organization. According to him, leadersh ip orientation depends on the nature of organization. Different organizations carry different kind of leadership orientation among supervisors and managers. He further declared, if we take an example of organizations like mental hospitals, prisons etc where the environment is more segregated and isolated, the most successful leadership will be in semi-formal and expressive. Whereas formal and instrumental leadership will be required in organizations dealing in production and process side. Author explained the instrumental orientation to leadership as one which is more task orientated, the main cerebrate of such type of leadership in an organization is to motivate team members, to maintain product feel. While, expressive orientation to leadership is all about getting along with the group members and the conduct of perverseness, and inattentiveness in leadership may interfere with the goals of organization. Author stated that the orientation to leadership in like manner vary dep ending upon the projection loading required for any token organization. According to the findings of this paper, this can be affirmed that organizations where there is a high labor commitment demonstrate a very definite instrumental orientation in top guidance (F-Ratio 2.39, Mean 1.25) and an expressive orientation in lower supervisors (Mean -0.17).In terms of lord performance, effective leadership leads to people who find fill upment in their patronages, reach with enthusiasm passion, and perform quality work, with innovation and creativity. Effective leaders ask to be able to endorse ideas and concepts as well as promote ideologies. Another quality countn in efficient leaders is how they can shift their groups attention towards the goals and objectives at hand by providing strategies regarding how to achieve the desired goals. They not only provide the physical resources required for the job such as tools and administrative or skilful assistance, but as well the psycho logical ones such as motivation, education and correspondence. The most efficient leaders can excessively adapt to different environments according to the need of the hour and provide their workers with all the support and attention they require in rescript to successfully fulfill the task at hand.Hogan Kaiser (2005) defined leadership as a process of team building in which every member work well according to the set rules defined by the leader to exceed the competition. They further lushd regarding the conventional definition of leadership over time, which defined leadership as the person who has the ability to influence others can be a leader but according to the author group performance should be the monetary standard of leadership. They stated that in order to judge and assess the leadership one should look at the team performance. Three implications of this view should be noted. First, leadership requires influencing individuals volitionly to contribute to the good of the group. Second, leadership requires coordinating and the guiding group (by adopting the most appropriate way) to achieve its goals. Finally, goals vary by organization and their life cycles. Leadership is the most essential item required for creating a team out of a group of individuals. One of the most imperative qualities of a good leader is that they can make individuals on team a single unit leading to synergy. Effective leaders can convince their team members to concentrate on their role within the team rather than their individual goals. An indicator regarding the success of a leader is the success of his or her followers. The light upon difference in explaining the long term performances of the firms is largely attributed to an extraordinary leadership. Superior performance is achieved when an organization is generating the maximum level of profitability possible with the help of three key determinants efficiency, adaptations, and human resources. A business environment is more credibly to succeed when it has people with high levels of skills, commitment and mutual trusts. Many times leaders performance is constrained with respect to the nature and size of an organization. all(prenominal) leader performs within the set limits of an organization, which actually hinder the real outcomes. In other words, the structure and size of a firm baseally depicts the period of leaders performance.Organizational PerformanceIn order to understand the meaning of organizational performance first we have to look at the definition of organization. Aldrich (1979) in his news organizations and environment explained organization in three ways a) goal oriented b) boundary maintaining, and c) activity system. By goal directed he means that the end objective of all organizations is to earn profit and to maximize the wealth of sh bes holders. Members of an organization behaves as if they have some defined goal, all of them work to achieve some specified purpose. This means members of an organization be task-oriented do not merely work for social interaction. goal-directed behavior and deliberate design of activity systems distinguish organizations from other groups, such as families, friendship circles, audiences and hatful publics. By boundary maintain he meant that organizations have defined clearly among the members of an organizations and non-members. And all members of an organization work collectively under the supervision of some authority to obtain defined goals. Activity system can be described as a system in an organization where all members ar charge some activities to achieve some predefined goals within boundary of an organization.The major component of effective organization is having a talent management team, which will be headed by a leader. Organizational performance need to be studied in relation to the status of employee satisfaction to assess how good the firm is doing in the market. In order to evaluate the authorizat ion and efficiency of an Organization one has to look at the performance of the workers. Employees perform best when they ar highly motivated resulting in increased number of customers and high growth rate.Thomas. B. Alan. (1988) entailed through and through his study that organizational performance is highly variable term. He further argued that organizational performance depends on various kinds of factors such as leaders styles and behavior, leader-subordinate relation, firm size etc. which definitely has a great carry on on the performance of a firm. One of the main power behind this is that assets like leadership behaviors, organization culture, skill and k today-how, and motivation are seen as the most important factors of strength in those firms which involve group, procedures and organizational performance, Avery, G.C. Jing F.F. (2008). Therefore, leaders and their leadership style influence both their subordinates and organizational outcomes.Organizational performance i ncreases if the employees are highly motivated and satisfied with team leader and their work. As per Ohio State University research successful leadership has two behavioral dimensions which play very important role, a. Consideration in this kind of behavior leader of a group is touch on about the team members. This aspect of leadership is linked with leadership traits of kindliness, parole with subordinates, appreciation and respect of team members and supportiveness, b. Initiating Structure this type of leaders behavior is more towards work do. They are more come to about work and task. Leaders who fall into this class of style are overmuch planned, coordinated, and clear about their goals, criticize poor work, and always pressurize subordinates to work more effectively.Leadership StylesEffective leadership involves the study of different styles of leaders. The literature suggests that some types of leadership styles are preferred over others. This is specially true under d ifferent workings conditions as well as the subordinates relation with the leader. Rotemberg. J.J Saloner. G. (1993) think through their study that leadership style of a firm is take oned by the stakeholders to maximize the ex ante profits. According to their study the leader of the group (team Manager) exercises his power in different ways. They considered leadership styles as a) Locus of fit, internal locus of control in which leader feels whatever happens is because of their own strategies and actions, external locus of control in which they feel environment is responsible for whatever happening in their lives, b) Flexibility, fewer leaders are pliant and they are open to new ideas and thoughts, whereas some leaders have been identified as rigid. CEOs whose style is more rigid angle to lead firms with fewer innovations and do not delegate easily. Leadership style includes not only motivating and providing direction to the people but also giveing the plans. The needs of th e employees play an important role in identifying the start that a leader uses. An often overlooked quality within leaders is helpfulness. They not only need to come along teamwork but also provide all sorts of support required to their team members. Studies also suggest that there is evidence that states considerate leaders tend to perform better. Leaders need to use multiple approaches while dealing with their subordinates, some of which include relationship development, training and professionalism of subordinates and time allotments. The three well known styles of leaderships are authoritative, participative and delegating, James D. Boulgarides William A. Cohen (2001).AuthoritativeThis is a style where the leader is in recognise control and orders his subordinates regarding their duties without any consultation from them. This style is not very popular with the subordinates and is only effective if the leader has discharge knowledge regarding the subject as well as definiti ve plans regarding how to execute the project. This style is looked raft upon and should only be dod on the rarest of occasions when time is of the essence. It can be utilize within certain limits if the subordinate is unfamiliar with the job in order to guide them more effectively.ParticipativeThis is the suggested style of leadership within organizations as it makes sure all the manifold parties are interpreted into account while making decisions. It is used when the leader knows about the final goal but wants to discuss the different options regarding procedures required to complete the goals. In this style the subordinates are informed of the goal by the leader and then an interactive discussion is carried out regarding how to achieve the stated goals. raze though all the subordinates are taken into circumstance the leader remains in firm control and is the one who determines the plan of action based on the stimulant drug provided by the subordinates. This style is mutual ly beneficial and ensures an environment of teamwork which leads to better performance.DelegatingThis is when the leader leaves the decision up to the subordinates. This style is usually used when the employees are more informed regarding the subject than the leader and can prove the situation better and come up with a better plan regarding what needs to be done. Even though the employee is the one taking the decision, it is still the leaders responsibility. The leader still has to delegate tasks in this style. This style is only suggested when the leader has complete confidence in the ability of his subordinates.Davis. R.V.Tim Luthans. F. (1979) envisioned a model consisting of quaternary basic styles called the decision style model. These styles included Directive, Analytic, Behavioral and Conceptual.DirectiveThis is an autocratic style which is usually choose when the leader has a need for power. Such kind of leadership style is more effective in situations where subordinates are ill informed or ill equipped for the task at hand. The model focuses on technical decisions and leaders do not consult and take very less(prenominal) advice from the subordinates. The leaders who practice this style are very performance oriented and therefore they operate with a lot of control. They tend to be aggressive and tend to achieve their desired results by hook or by crook. They also tend to have very dominating personalities.AnalyticThis type of leader is a lot less authoritative than the directive type of leader and has more tolerance for ambiguity. They also tend to have more approachable attitude as they tend to want input from everywhere before reaching a decision. This style is best suited for the ability to cope with new situations which is why this system is an efficient problem solver. These leaders are usually not too hasty with decisions and take their time in evaluating all their options.ConceptualThis style uses data from various sources and analyzes all p ossible solutions with great details and looks at each and every secondary. It is quite similar to the behavioral style. The relationship between the leader and his team is one of receptiveness and trust. The leaders are usually idealists therefore ethics and values play a key role. They have a long range focus and have high amounts of organizational commitment. They are usually understanding towards their team and adapt well according to different situations. They tend to like to have less control and tend to encourage a team effort and participation on an equal level. They want to see their team develop as a whole and even though they are achievement oriented they value independence as well.BehavioralThe managers who practice this style of leadership are highly concerned with their workers well being and tend to be a great source of support for their employees as they are highly people oriented. They are very open and easy to communicate with. They are also willing to compromise more and can be persuaded and welcome suggestions. All these qualities show that they tend to have disconnected control. They aim to be accepted and liked and avoid conflicts. They have a low data input.Hunt. J. G. (1971) discover through his study that an ineffective leader leads to conflicts on multiple levels as well as a highly uninviting work environment both of which lead to organizational inefficiency. The overall environment functions ban as employees do not take their managers seriously and through study it can be concluded that leadership requirement at different levels of management may vary markedly. It seems presumable that when a leader has enough knowledge of two different types of management level then they perform better as compare to managers who have knowledge of only one management level, but definite kind of knowledge is likely to be dependent on various kinds of situations. Many managers use penalties which instill fear of mistakes within the employees. Au thoritative leaders may cut days off, yell and demean their workers and abuse their power. They feel that affright their employees and increasing their authority will lead to more productivity however what happens is that there is more tension, employees become scared, morale falls and the organizational performance is affected. The autocratic style of leadership is greatly discouraged within organizations and should only be used when dealing with new employees who are unfamiliar with the organizational culture as it does not work well with the more experienced employees as suggested by research. A separate style of leadership is a laissez-fare style in which the leader does not manage his employees and only guides them. This happens only when the employees themselves select an informal leader for guidance.All these different styles of leaderships are suited to different environments. A behavioral style index be very successful in a certain environment yet might fail abysmally in another so a good leader adapts to these different environments with different styles. Therefore not all leaders are successful in all environments which is why certain leaders are chosen for certain situations. Spillane. J.P., Halverson R Diamond. B. J (2004) proposed this approach is not a practicable option in the current day scenario as there is constant change. He suggests that leaders should now be chosen for their ability to deal with a wide range of tactics and that leaders should become more efficient in applying tactics rather than approaching different styles of leaderships. He also states that extremes of tractability and rigidity are the least efficient styles. According to Fielder (1967) almost anything is easier to change than a managers style which is why a leader should not pretend to be something they are not. Leaders who act as facilitators are most liked among the followers and are most easy to understand. Flexible leaders also tend to adapt more easily to new situations compared to rigid ones. Efficient Flexibility doesnt mean a change in personality, all it is, is a change in tactics.Situational LeadershipThe objective of this review paper is to explain effective leadership in different situations and its role in a firm. It is essential to elaborate few theories which have substantial importance in Organizational Behavior literature. Situational leaders are those who can coordinate, guide, handle and direct his team members in all kinds of known and unknown situations (situational factors). There are few aspects which lead to situational decisions such as motivation and capability of followers. This, in turn, is affected by factors within the particular situation. Another factor which may affect leaders behavior is the relationship shared between followers and leader.According to the situational theory purposed by Hersey and Blanchard (1969) leader should be able to motivate his followers in order to make them perform their task effici ently and effectively. Leaders should work in a way that they will motivate their followers and increase their development level. On the basis of these lines they have come up with four-spot leadership styles that are consistent with the four development levels for followers. 1) S1 Telling / directing when in a team followers are unable to understand the task and afraid to perform their duties then the leader will guide and coordinate them properly. Leaders in this situation identify the real problem occurring to the follower and try to solve it. Leaders uphold the position of boss so that all assignments will be done properly within time. 2) S2 Selling / coaching when the follower is able to understand his task to some extent and he looks confident in this, then telling him will be equal to discouraging them. So in this type of situations leaders have to guide his team members very carefully and instead of telling, the leaders have to sell the techniques of working, explaining and clarifying decisions. First two styles are more leader oriented. 3) S3 Participating / bread and butter when followers can perform and they dont show the results then leaders have to be very patient role and deal this situation with expertise. Leaders should find out different ways to motivate the followers and if reasons of not showing performance would have been found then leaders should tackle them properly. 4) S4 Delegating / Observing in this type of situations followers know their jobs and they dont need any guidance but still its important for leaders to keep a check on the performance of the followers in order to ensure that everything move according to the set plan.Bruno Leo F.C. (2006) explained the profile of leadership styles of Brazilian supervisors or CEO based on the situational leadership styles purposed by Hersey et al (1969). In his paper he elucidated that results showed that most of the executives are seen accepting the styles S2 (48.29% relative frequency di stribution) and S3 (28.60% frequency distribution). So this shows that they have capabilities of working with followers of average level of willingness. Though they sometimes event problems regarding discipline and work with groups. focusing theorists of the past tried to discover the best form of leadership for all situations however modern day researchers have realized that different environments lead to a significant impact on the effectiveness of a leader. Fielder (1967) carried out extensive research regarding how different situations affect leadership effectiveness. According to his research the relations motivated manager is most effective where the leader doesnt need much power whereas the task related manager performs well when his relations with his employees are good and when he has a strong control. In an unfavorable condition incomplete of the leaders would be effective so an alternative solution would be to replace the leader.In order to provide a solution for the st yle-situation issue vroom Jago, Arthur. G (2007) found an approach that dealt with the interaction between the leader and his subordinates. The model suggested that situation played a great role for a style to be effective. It also concluded that subordinate motivation and technical effectiveness play a key role in sharing of leader power and if neither of these are important than the leader himself takes the decision. If motivation is low but technical difficulties are still important then the leader tries to gain more information and if technical difficulty is not important and motivation is high then delegation might be the answer. Lastly if the problem level is high and a need for acceptance is present then the decision is shared within the group. This shows that there is a dead body in the behavior in different situations. Sometimes interpersonal behavioral patterns are also transferred when work performances change in order to meet new requirements. Different task demands als o lead to changes in leaders. Another point of view regarding styles of leaders is one of Fiedler (1974).Fenwick F Jing, Avery, G.C. (2008) found out trough their research that it is very difficult to define the relationship of leadership-performance. After doing concentrated research they accepted the four leadership paradigms as a tool of measurement the concept of leadership, (visionary, transactional, classical and organic paradigms).Avery (2001) identified 13 indices to measure these above mentioned leadership paradigms out of which 9 were used in the research of Fenwick F Jing, Avery, G.C. (2008). Many researchers who are constantly working on defining the leadership concept in groups have been able to link it with functional approach. In functional approach the main target of a leader is to get the job done and increase the level of performance. Thus, in such kind of approach leader ensures that every task should be completed in time. All team members actively participate in order to accomplish the task. The main objective of a leader behind this approach is to complete the functions, while leadership can be categorized as a way of problem solving achieved by common responses to social problems. In order to understand the functions four broad types of functions have been identified 1) well informed and organize team, 2) proper use of information in hand to solve the problems, 3) managing and control human resources, and 4) proper use of resources. Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., Halpin, S. M. (2006).Several studies show that the leader faces few obstacles regarding the organizational life cycle. There are five different stages of an organization and the changes which include, changes in management focus, organizational structure, top management style, control system and reward emphasis. Things that added to these changes and do the decision process harder included the size and age of the organization, its stage of evolution and the growth rate of the industry. developed numbers of management scholars have debated the effectiveness of leadership styles, behaviors and situations when selecting measurements of performance there is a correlation between financial performance and customer satisfaction. Several reasons indicate that there should be a relationship between leadership and performance. The first reason relates to practice. Todays intensive, dynamic markets feature innovation-based competition, price/performance rivalry, decreasing returns, and the creative last of existing competencies therefore effective leadership behaviors can facilitate the improvement of performance when organizations face these new challenges. Lumijrvi.I. (2007). Understanding the effects of leadership on performance is also important because leadership is viewed as one of the key driving forces for improving a firms performance.The Contingency Model of Leadership EffectivenessIn this scratch contingency theory has been described which was actually originated by Fiedler. Fiedler. E. Fred (1972). Contingency theory helps executives and leaders to motivate and guide their followers in order to get better results for an organization. This theory is all about how leaders lead their groups in different situations, which predict followers capabilities and behaviors. There are few similarities between Contingency theory and situational theory. Former deals with the ability of leaders and see how they handle their followers to achieve high organizational performance in all kinds of situations. Also there is an important difference between the two theories. Situational Theory is more focused towards the behavior of the leader, depending upon the situations (often about follower behavior) whereas contingency theory talks about the bigger take care and it embraces group aspects about leader competence and other variables within the situation.This model was purposed by Fiedler in (1964) and (1974). According to this model they have explained two categories of motivational oriented leaders i.e. one is the task-motivated leaders and second category is relationship- motivated leaders. Author described that whenever some unexpected situation occurs in an organization both types of leaders react or respond to the situation differently. Many researchers have worked on this model and proves that leaders with task-motivated orientation mostly perform effectively in all types of situations, whereas leaders which fall into the second category (relationship-motivated) perform best in situations in which their control and influence is moderate. They further elaborated that leaders performance is lManagement Leadership Styles TescoManagement Leadership Styles TescoExecutive SummaryThe retail organisation whose management and leadership styles will be investigated is Tesco PLC. One will be analysing the management and leadership styles that are currently used by Tesco and whether these styl es are effective, and also recommend if they could change or adopt any new styles which may be of more benefit to them.1.0 IntroductionTesco PLC is one of the leading retailers in the United Kingdom and one of the largest food retailers in the world. Tesco has diversified by also selling non-food goods, such as electrical and also clothes in their stores. The initial size of the company indicates that the types of management and leadership styles and the way these are handled are crucial for the success of this firm.Similar to most companies, the management and leadership styles adopted within Tesco are likely to have continuously been adapted in correlation with the growth of the company over the years. Although the current management style has evidently been successful here in the UK, it is highly likely that they would not be able to use this same management style in certain countries overseas, namely Japan and chinaware. The primary reason for this is due to the different cultu res and values which have been adopted by these respective countries and this is something that will be taken into account. The management and leadership styles analysed below, are approaches which are likely to be implemented by Tesco.2.0 Management Leadership definitionManagement is the organisational process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing recourses, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results (Stuhlman Management Consultants, 2007). Boddy (2005) defines management as the activity of getting things done with the aid of people and other recourses. Mintzberg (1973) makes this definition even simpler by stating, if you ask a manager what he does, he they will most likely tell you that he plans, organizes, coordinates and controlsHannagan (1995) states that Leadership can be seen as performing the influencing function of management, largely involved with establishing goals and motivating people to help a chieve them. Leaders decide where we are going rather than describe how we are going to get there.House (2004) states that leadership is the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members.For a manager to make his/her subordinates work effectively, the have to be motivated. Motivation is a key factor that must be held by a manager or a leader because a de-motivated workforce leads to lower productivity. A manager keeping his workforce motivated is ensuring that his/her subordinates are working at a high level of productivity. Masterson and Pickton (2004) define motivation as the complex relationship between needs, drives and goals It is therefore ideal for a manager or leader to identify the needs, find out what drives workers, and subsequently, set them goals.3.0 McGregors Theory X and YOne of the most influential theories on the understanding of leadership is creat ed by the work of Douglas McGregor (1960) in developing theories X and Y. He believed that managers took two different views of their subordinates and conducted practices that would best suit their premise of the workers they were in charge of.Theory X managers, take the thinking that people dislike work, and only work as it is a necessity for survival. They perceive workers to be lazy people who want to avoid responsibility, who insufficiency ambition and would prefer to be directed, rather then use initiative to take roles of responsibility. Mainly, these managers believe people want security from there jobs, therefore the managers take a very directive approach to leadership and are very strict and controlling with their subordinates. Organisational goals already established and workers are pushed in a certain direction so that these goals can be fully achieved.On the other hand, Theory Y managers take an vastly different view to the theory X style of management. Theory Y mana gers believe that people see work as a daily occurrence and actually accept and strive to have some responsibility. They believe that if workers are in the right conditions, they will work hard their own will, assist the organization achieve the set out goals, and in return, being rewarded for this hard work and effort. In this scenario, managers will work together with subordinates, deciding work objectives and by developing strategies designed to achieve these goals. They will encourage team working and also delegate decision making when and were possible.In relation to Tesco, the management are likely to take a theory X approach in running their organisation. Due to the outrageousness of the number of subordinates a manager is likely to be in supervision of, it would be almost out of the question to use the latter approach. Furthermore, the tasks needed to be carried out by workers do not require many skills, for example condescend floor duties such as shelf stacking, checkout s and sales assistants carry out basic duties. As a result, these workers would need constant supervision and direction to ensure consistency and continuity in order to achieve the firms goals. Therefore, for Tesco, a theory X approach to management in their stores is the most effective management style.4.0 Ohio State University ModelThe initiating structure is the pattern of leadership behaviour that emphasises the performance of the work in hand and the achievement of production or service goals. Boddy (2005) states This behaviour involves the managers concern for directing subordinates in order to achieve production targets. It is a task-oriented approach, where managers tend to be highly directive and emphasise completing a task according to plan. This behavioural approach to leadership relates to Tesco in that, managers at Tesco are more concerned with getting the job done and reaching store targets rather then taking a consideration dimension which involves more the concern fo r people. Boddy (2005) states that typical behaviours includedAllocating subordinates to specific tasksEstablishing standards of job performanceInforming subordinates of the requirements of the jobScheduling work to be done by subordinatesEncouraging the use of uniform procedures5.0 Blake and Moutons Management football fieldThe management grid identifies a range of management behaviours based on various ways that task-oriented and employee-orientated styles can interact with each other. When looking at Appendix 1, in relation to Tesco, the management would identify themselves mostly to an Authoritarian management style (also known as produce or perish style), which has a high concern for production and efficiency and concentrates less on people. They take a task oriented approach which takes in hand the needs of the task in hand rather then the wants of subordinates. This is once again, similar again to the Theory X approach stated approach, and is effective to Tesco where there is a larger amount of lower-skilled employees.6.0 Herzberg dickens Factor TheoryHerzberg was interested in discovering how need satisfaction occurs in a workplace and the impact of motivation on behaviours and attitudes. Fincham and Rhodes (2005) stated that Herzbergs two factor theory involved, firstly the motivators and secondly the hygiene factors. hygiene factors involved supervision, salary, work environment, company policies and relationship with colleagues. The absences of these were seen as dissatisfying aspects of a job which can affect the morale of workers. Herzberg stated that this is followed by several motivators, which include responsibility, achievement, promotion and recognition. In relation to Tesco, subordinates of the managers such as shop floor employees, are unlikely to achieve the motivators stated by Herzberg, therefore are likely to be dissatisfied and de-motivated in their jobs. This can be very negative for a firm like Tesco as a de-motivated workforce i s obviously more unproductive then a motivated workforce. Taking this into thought, it is racy for managers to tackle motivational issues of the workforce and see that the hygiene factors of employees are met, making it an effective approach to adopt.7.0 remainder and RecommendationsAll in all, the evident success of Tesco shows that the management and leadership styles they are using are immensely successful. Management styles used such as the Theory X approach and authoritarian management are undoubtedly operating well. However, a 2007 DataMonitor Company report based on Tesco states that Tesco are looking to branch out into foreign countries such as Japan and China, and as a result, they may well have to reconsider the management and leadership strategies which they have in place. The reason for this is that the world of work differs in Japan and China compared to that of the UK as they place a large amount of emphasis on Total Quality Management (TQM), also know as Kaizen. Thi s is a well renowned dodging in these countries and has become some what of a norm for workers there. As a result, it maybe wise for Tesco to implement a similar strategy to adopt and emulate already successful strategies used in Japan and China. Total Quality Management is an operational philosophy that stresses commitment to customer satisfaction and continuous improvement, TQM is committed to quality and excellence and to being the best in all functions. Hunger Wheelen (2003) state that in order for TQM to succeed in a company, the program usually involves a significant change in corporate culture, requiring strong leadership from top management, employee training, empowerment of lower level employees (giving people more control over their work), and teamwork. In order for Tesco to implement such a strategy, they may have to discard the autocratic management approach and may have adopt a more democratic style of management, in which the wishes and suggestions of the members are incorporated into those of the leader, as stated by Huczynski and Buchanan (1991). Although it may be hard to change from a management style which has been ever so successful for the firm, it may be crucial to adopt a new strategy in order for Tesco to be successful in their foreign ventures.8.0 ReferencesAcademic TextbooksBoddy, D (2005). Management An Introduction. 3rd Edition. Essex FT learner Hall.House, R Hanges, P Javidan, M Dorfman, P Gupta, V. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, SAGE Publications, Thousand OaksHannagan, T (1995). Management Concepts and Practices. 2nd Edition. London Pitman Publishing.Hunger, J Wheelen, T (2005). Essentials of Strategic Management. 3rd Edition. Essex Pearson Education Inc.Huczynski, A Buchanan, D (1991). Organizational Behaviour. 2nd Edition. Hertfordshire, Cambridge University Press.Fincham, R Rhodes, P (2005). Principles of Organisational Behaviour. 4th Edition, Oxford, Oxford University PressMi ntzberg, H. (1973) The Nature of Managerial Work, harpist and Row, New YorkMasterson, R Pickton, D (2004) Principles of Marketing, Berkshire, McGraw Hill grumble NotesMeyer, M CORP 2463, Week 4 Lecture Notes Leadership, Influence and Power (2007), De Montfort University